Of the general histories, only that by McMaster contains any great amount of information bearing on the economic changes wrought by war and the preceding period of commercial restriction. Adams summarizes the economic results of war in a single chapter in the last volume of his work. K. C. Babcock, _The Rise of American Nationality_ (in _The American Nation_, vol. 13, 1906), attempts the same task. Besides the manuals on economic history which have already been mentioned, there are several excellent volumes dealing with various phases of national life: such as, D. R. Dewey, _Financial History of the United States_ (1903); F. W. Taussig, _Tariff History of the United Stales_ (rev. ed., 1913); R. C. H. Catterall, _The Second Bank of the United Stales_ (1903); J. L. Bishop, _History of American Manufactures from 1608-1860_ (2 vols., 1861-64); C. W. Wright, _Wool-Growing and the Tariff_ (1910). Among the biographies of statesmen of the new generation, the best are: G. T. Curtis, _Life of Daniel Webster_ (2 vols., 1869); W. W. Story, _Life and Letters of Joseph Story_ (2 vols., 1851); G. Hunt, _John C. Calhoun_ (1908). CHAPTER XIV THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT At the end of the second decade of the nineteenth century, the people of the United States were still in the main a homogeneous folk, native-born descendants of native-born ancestors. The tide of immigration which was by the end of the century to inundate the nation and transform its character was just beginning to flow. Its volume between the close of the Revolution and the year 1820, when the first official statistics were collected, must remain a matter of conjecture. In 1817, the painstaking Niles, in his _Register_, estimated that about twenty-two thousand immigrants had arrived in that year in the ports of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, of whom four thousand were Germans and the rest inhabitants of the British Isles. Fully one half of these British subjects were brawny Irishmen, often a turbulent lot, but always in demand for hard labor on the roads and canals which were projected in every part of the Union. Among these newcomers, however, were many undesirables. Not a few English parishes emptied their poorhouses by sending the helpless inmates to the New World. Some of these deported paupers, no doubt, found a livelihood and became respectable citizens; but the records of almshouses in the Eastern States indicate that many of these unfortunates had only exchanged one asylum for another. In the Philadelphia poorhouses in the early thirties, from one third to one half of the inmates were foreign-born. Cargoes of redemptioners came into American ports as late as the year 1818. Of that traffic which was bringing helpless Africans into bondage in the Southern States, more will be said in a subsequent chapter.