In the midst of this exciting controversy, Monroe was reelected President. Nowhere but in Pennsylvania was there any serious opposition. Old distinctions of party had so far disappeared that the venerable ex-President John Adams was chosen as a presidential elector in Massachusetts, and voted with his fourteen colleagues--who were half Federalists and half Democrats--for James Monroe. In the electoral count Monroe lacked only a single vote of a unanimous election. When the electoral vote was about to be counted, an embarrassing question arose with regard to the vote of Missouri. As the State had not yet complied with the condition imposed by Congress, its right to vote was challenged. Again Clay appeared in his role of compromiser. The delicate question was adroitly avoided by having the President of the Senate announce the electoral vote with and without the votes of Missouri. At last the Missouri question was disposed of; but words had been uttered which could not be recalled; and wounds had been inflicted which left scars. The South could never quite forget that it had been charged with conniving at crime in maintaining slavery. "You have kindled a fire," said Cobb, of Georgia, to Tallmadge, "which all the waters of the ocean cannot put out, which seas of blood only can extinguish." BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE An account of the crisis of 1819 is contained in F. J. Turner's _Rise of the New West_ (in _The American Nation_, vol. 14, 1906); a shorter and less satisfactory account in A. M. Simons's _Social Forces in American History_ (1911). Much information may be gleaned from the pages of McMaster's history. Detailed information must be sought in the special studies already cited, such as R. C. H. Catterall, _The Second Bank of the United States_ (1903), and P. J. Treat, _The National Land System, 1785-1820_ (1910). From the vast literature dealing with slavery and the slavery controversy, the following titles may be selected as especially important: W. E. B. DuBois, _The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United States of America, 1638-1870_ (1896); W. H. Collins, _The Domestic Slave-Trade_ (1904); A. B. Hart, _Slavery and Abolition_ (in _The American Nation_, vol. 16, 1906); N. D. Harris, _The History of Negro Servitude in Illinois_ (1904); E. R. Turner, _The Negro in Pennsylvania_ (1911); and a number of monographs in the Johns Hopkins University _Studies_. All the larger histories discourse with great particularity upon the Missouri controversy. Contemporary views of the congressional struggle are presented in J. Q. Adams's _Memoirs_, and in T. H. Benton's _Thirty Years' View; or, A History of the Working of American Government, 1820-1850_ (2 vols., 1854). CHAPTER XVI THE NATIONAL AWAKENING