1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 Scotland 3.35 4.32 4.03 4.55 South Wales 5.84 5.51 6.72 6.48 Great Britain 4.38 4.39 4.70 5.24 United States 4.27 3.77 4.14 3.80 4.24 H. C. Frick Coke Company 1.75 1.89 2.20 2.38 2.81 TONS COAL PRODUCED PER DEATH Scotland 298,342 231,627 248,266 219,870 South Wales 171,174 181,634 148,822 154,312 Great Britain 228,402 227,807 212,652 190,998 United States 234,297 265,094 241,618 262,873 235,918 H. C. Frick Coke Company 567,098 528,735 493,188 419,758 363,844 N.B. Figures for Frick Coke Co. (United States Steel) and for United States apply only to underground workers. Figures for other countries include workers above ground where casualties are lower. Has the Steel Corporation really gained from its large expenditures for safety work? That it has secured returns in the way of loyalty and increased efficiency can hardly be doubted; but has there been any tangible monetary saving? The economy in the matter of compensation payments saved is sufficient to answer this question. A careful calculation made several years ago by the Safety Bureau showed that had the same number of accidents occurred in the three years, 1911-1913, as occurred in 1906, when the safety campaign was organized, the big company’s disbursements, as a result, to the injured workmen and their families would have been several millions of dollars more than the entire amount expended in safety work. The aggregate saving to date would probably run well into the tens of millions. The gain in production that is derived from increased safety in manufacturing processes is also an important financial consideration. In the first place, every accident means a more or less prolonged interruption, possibly a complete though temporary cessation of operations, with a consequent loss. Next, it means that a new man must be trained to fill the place vacated by the injured worker. It will be a happy day for industry when every employer realizes that the injury of a workman is as harmful, from the viewpoint of profits alone, as a breakdown of a piece of machinery. The human machine is no less important than that made of steel or wood. And safety appliances are insurance against the breakdown of that machinery. It is the first step that counts. Once started on the job of saving the employees of the Corporation itself from injury and mutilation the ambition of the men in charge of this work extended and reached out through the steel trade, then to other industries and finally to other countries.