the politocrats, the conditions which have caused them to become so will have been greatly increased by the very device which is advocated as a means of ridding us of that subserviency. We may conclude, therefore, that there is no more danger to extra-legal government in the recall than there is in frequent elections and independent nominations by petition. On the other hand, the free use, or freely threatened use, of the recall by the extra-legal government will give it a power over officeholders and judges greater than that which it now has. FOOTNOTES: [8] See _post_, chap. xvii. CHAPTER X INDEPENDENT MOVEMENTS AND THE NEW PARTY Independent movements have been launched in different localities from time to time. These have been prompted by the too open and too violently selfish use of power by the extra-legal government. They have often been temporarily successful. But they have been available only upon extraordinary occasions and have proved of merely temporary effect. In the first place they did not develop any organization of professional advisers and directors to the politically ignorant voter. They did not continuously put forth the effort to establish a centralized extra-legal government which the condition of decentralized legal government demanded. Secondly, the independent movement suffered under the disadvantage of operating in opposition to the candidates of the two great historical parties--the Democratic and the Republican. This was an almost insuperable obstacle when the local, state and national elections were held together.