The population of Uruguay prior to the Spanish conquest--Principal tribes--Paucity of information concerning the early aboriginal life--The Charrúas--Warlike characteristics of the race--Territory of the tribe--Stature and physique--Features--The occupations of war and hunting--Temperament mannerisms--A people on the nethermost rung of the social ladder--Absence of laws and penalties--Medicine-men--A crude remedy--The simplicity of the marriage ceremony--Morality at a low ebb--The prevalence of social equality--Method of settling private disputes--The Charrúas as warriors--Tactics employed in warfare--Some grim signals of victory--Treatment of the prisoners of war--Absence of a settled plan of campaign--Arms of the Charrúas--Primitive Indian weapons--Household implements--Burial rites--The mutilation of the living out of respect for the dead--Some savage ceremonies--Absence of religion--A lowly existence--Desolate dwellings--Change of customs effected by the introduction of horses--Indian appreciation of cattle--Improvement in the weapons of the tribe--Formidable cavalry--The end of the Charrúas--Other Uruguayan tribes--The Yaros--Bohanes--Chanas--Guenoas--Minuanes--Arachanes. At the time of the Spanish Conquest the territory which now constitutes the Republic of Uruguay was peopled by about four thousand Indians. These, however, did not form a single nation, but were divided off into a number of tribes. The most important of these were the Charrúas, Yaros, Bohanes, Chanas, and Guenoas. Each of these groups possessed its own territory, and each was wont to exist in a state of continued hostility with its neighbours. Nothing is known of the history of these folk previous to the arrival of the Spaniard, and even during the earlier periods of the conquest information is scanty enough, since contact between native and European was confined almost entirely to warlike occasions, and since, even when opportunity offered, the early colonists were neither sufficiently adapted nor especially educated for the purpose. The Charrúas constituted the leading tribe of these aboriginal people. They owed this ascendancy to their warlike spirit, and to their comparatively large numbers. It was they who murdered Juan Diaz de Solis, the discoverer of the Rio de la Plata, together with many of his companions, and it was they, moreover, who offered the most strenuous resistance to the colonising attempts of the Spaniards.