The uses of apples are very extensive, and even the _crab-tree_ is not without its use. The _fruit_ is indeed small, and bad to the taste; but its fermented juice, which is called _verjuice_, is sometimes employed in cookery, occasionally in medicine, and frequently by wax-chandlers, for the purifying of wax. Dr. Withering conceives that, with a proper addition of sugar, a grateful liquor might be made from the juice of crabs, little inferior to hock. Hogs and deer are particularly partial to this fruit. The _wood_ is tolerably hard, and, when made into the cogs of wheels, acquires a polish, and is very durable. Apple-trees are all produced in an artificial manner, by a process termed _grafting_. This is performed by inserting young shoots of such trees as bear valuable fruit, on stocks that have been raised from the seeds of crabs. Thus the shoot of an apple-tree, inserted into a crab stock, occasions the crab-tree, from that time, to produce apples of nearly the same kind and quality with those of the tree from which the shoot was taken. Other stocks might be used, but those of the crab are considered the best. The same process is adopted in the propagation of nearly every kind of fruit-tree; since, by experience, it has been ascertained that such as are produced from seed all partake of the nature of wild fruits, and have little resemblance to the fruit from which they spring. There are several kinds of apples, and the varieties are every day increasing, through the attention that is paid, by different individuals, to the culture of this valuable fruit. Those best known as eating apples are the American apple called _Newtown pippin_, the _non-pareil_, _golden pippin_, _ribstone pippin_, _golden rennet_, and _lemon pippin_; for the kitchen, the _codlin_ and _russet_; and for cider, the _golden pippin_, _coccagee_, and _red streak_. Of these the non-pareil and golden pippin, from some unaccountable causes, are beginning to fail; the trees of late production not affording fruit of excellence equal to what has formerly been produced in this country.