Similar processes may sometimes be seen in the capsules of _Linaria vulgaris_, as also in the fruits of some of the Solanums, quite without reference to the arrangement of the carpels, so that their production seems to be purely irregular. Morren, as previously remarked, gave the name "Solenaidie" to tubular deformities affecting the stamens, a term which has not been generally adopted; the deformity in question is by no means of uncommon occurrence in some double or partially pelorised flowers, as _Antirrhinum_, _Linaria_, &c. A similar formation of conical out-growths may frequently be met with in the fruits quite irrespectively of any disjunction of the carpels. =Contortion.=--An irregular twisting or bending of the stem or branches is by no means of uncommon occurrence, the inducing causes being often some restriction to growth in certain directions, or the undue or disproportionate growth in one direction, as contrasted with that in another. Hence it may arise from insect-puncture, parasitic growth, or any obstacle to the natural development. Frequently it exists in conjunction with fasciation, the ends of the branches being curved round like a shepherd's crook, from the growth on one side being so much greater than on the other. Sometimes it is a mere exaggeration of a normal condition; thus, in what are termed flexuose stems the stem twists alternately to one side or another, frequently in association with an oblique form of the leaf. This state is sometimes present to an extreme degree, as in some varieties of shrubs (_Crataegus_, _Robinia_, &c.) cultivated for their singularly tortuous branches. [Illustration: FIG. 170.--Portion of the culm of a _Juncus_, bent irregularly.] [Illustration: FIG. 171.--Portion of a branch of _Crataegus oxyacantha_, var. _tortuosa_.] Such cases as those just mentioned, however, are but slightly irregular compared to others in which the deformity exists to such an extent that the traces of the ordinary mode of growth are almost obliterated. M. Moquin-Tandon[353] alludes to a case of this kind in a species of pine (_Pinus_), in which a branch ended in four unequal divisions, which were strongly curved from without inwards, then became united in pairs, these latter in their turn blending into a single mass. In the case of some beeches growing in the forest of Verzy, near Rheims, the trunks of the trees are contorted in every direction, and, at a height of from fifteen to twenty feet, a number of branches are also given off, also much contorted, and occasionally intergrafted, so that it seems as if a heavy weight had been placed on the trees and literally flattened them. Similar malformations may occasionally be met with in the branches of the oak, and commonly in the weeping ash. M. Fournier[354] mentions the stems of _Ruscus aculeatus_ rolled in a circle, others twisted spirally.