Although, if the absolute number of genera or orders be counted, there appears to be little difference in the frequency of the occurrence of suppression in irregular flowers as contrasted with regular flowers, yet if the individual instances could be counted in the two groups respectively it would be found that suppression is more common among irregular than in regular flowers. Thus, the number of individual instances of flowers in which the perianth is defective is comparatively large among _Violaceae_, _Leguminosae_, and _Orchidaceae_. This statement hardly admits of precise statistical proof; still, it is believed that any observer who pays attention to the subject must come to the same conclusion. This is but another illustration of the fact that conditions which are abnormal in one plant constitute the natural arrangement in others. As to the suppressions that occur in the case of the sexual organs, and the relations they bear to dimorphism, diclinism, &c., but little stress has been laid on them in this place, because their chief interest is in a physiological point of view, and is treated of in the writings of Mohl, Sprengel, Darwin, Hildebrand, and others. All that need be said here is, that teratology affords very numerous illustrations of those intermediate conditions which are also found, under natural circumstances, between the absolutely unisexual flowers, male or female, and the structurally hermaphrodite ones. Rudimentary stamens or pistils are of very common occurrence in monstrous flowers. See Chapter on Heterogamy, &c. FOOTNOTES: [465] 'Rev. Hortic.,' 1866, p. 467. [466] De Rochebrune, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,' ix, p. 281. The author points out seven grades between complete absence of petals and their presence in the normal number in this plant. See also Gaudin, in 'Koch. Fl. Helv.;' Koch. 'Synops. Fl. Germ.;' Cramer, 'Bildungsabweich,' p. 85. [467] 'Bull. Acad. Belg.,' t. xix, part 1, p. 255. [468] 'Bull. Bot.,' i, p. 7, tab. i, f. 7. [469] See Gay, 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' iii, p. 27. [470] 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' 4 ser., v, p. 305. [471] Cramer, 'Bildungsabweich,' p. 90. [472] See also Clos, 'Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,' xiii, p. 96, adnot. [473] See Cramer, 'Bildungsabweich,' p. 7. Hildebrand, 'Bot. Zeit.,' xx, 1862, p. 209. [474] See Hildebrand, 'Bot. Zeit.,' xx, 1862, p. 209. [475] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,' viii, p. 287. [476] 'Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.,' vol. viii, 1861, p. 152. [477] Ibid., ix, p. 275. [478] Ibid., 1861, vol. viii, p. 149. [479] 'Lobelia,' p. 55. [480] 'Phil. Bot.,' p. 119. [481] 'Cat. Plant. Pyr,' p. 58. [482] Moquin-Tandon, loc. cit., p. 328. [483] For other instances see Chatin in 'Ann. Sc. Nat.,' 4 ser., vol. v, p. 305. [484] See also Morren. 'Bull. Acad. Belg.,' xv, Fuchsia, p. 67. [485] Cited in 'Bull. Soc. Bot., France,' t. xiv ("Rev. Bibl."), p. 253. [486] 'Primit. Flor. Amurens.' p. 57. [487] 'Flora.' 1848. p. 484. BOOK IV. DEVIATIONS FROM THE ORDINARY SIZE AND CONSISTENCE OF ORGANS.