In _Campanulaceae_ a similar separation of calyx from the ovary may be occasionally met with. On the other hand, the occasional formation of a leaf on the inferior ovary of those plants would indicate the axial nature of the fruit. In _Campanumaea_ and _Cyclodon_ the calyx is inferior, while the corolla is superior. In the last-named genus this peculiarity "is carried to the highest degree, the sepals being, in _C. parviflorum_, placed on the peduncle of the flower far removed from the base of the corolla and ovary, whilst in _C. truncatum_ and in _Campanumaea_ they adhere to the base of the tube of the corolla."[87] In this order, then, as in _Saxifragaceae_, _Bruniaceae_, &c., no hasty conclusion should be drawn as to the nature of the fruit. In _Brunia microphylla_ the ovary is superior, enclosed within but not adnate to the cup-like calyx, to which latter, however, the petals and stamens are attached. In _Onagraceae_ (_Jussieua_), as also in _Cactaceae_ (_Opuntia_), buds have been observed on the surface and edges of the inferior ovary. Indeed, in the former genus, they have been produced artificially, but as buds may be formed on foliar as well as on axial organs, the fact cannot be made great use of in support either of the foliar or axial nature of the inferior ovary. In _Epilobium_, I have met with four perfect leaves at the summit of the ovary, in the place usually occupied by the sepals. This would also favour the notion that the axis entered into the constitution of the fruit in this genus. Mr. B. Clarke, in his 'New Arrangement of Phanerogamous Plants,' p. 4, cites a case wherein the perianth was completely detached from the surface of the ovary in _Cannabis sativa_. It must be borne in mind that some of the recorded instances of change in the relative position of the calyx and pistil ought more properly to be referred to a substitution of carpels for stamens, as in _Begonia_, _Fuchsia_, &c. Among _Cucurbitaceae_, examples have been recorded, both of the detachment of the calyx from the ovary,[88] and of the partial conversion of some of the anthers of the male flower to carpels. The very singular mode of germination of _Sechium edule_ in which the fruit, instead of rotting, becomes thickened into a kind of rhizome or tuber, is a fact that should not be overlooked in investigating the true nature of the fruit in this order. The following are the genera in which the change has been most frequently observed: *Rosa! *Pyrus! *Crataegus! *Daucus! Pastinaca. Torilis. Apium. OEnanthe! Heracleum, Athamanta. Selinum. Carum. Imperatoria. Rudbeckia! *Campanula! Lonicera! Cucumis! Cannabis. =Solution of the stamens from the petals.=--A separation of the stamens from the petals in flowers, wherein those organs are usually adherent one to the other does not often occur unattended by other changes. It has been observed in _Cobaea scandens_ (Turpin), in _Antirrhinum majus_, and in many double flowers.