Venoms: Venomous Animals and Antivenomous Serum-therapeuticsCalmette, A. (Albert)
Science
Venoms: Venomous Animals and Antivenomous Serum-therapeutics
Calmette, A. (Albert)
Antitoxins; Poisonous snakes; Toxins; Venom
Antivenomous serum, in a dose of 0·01 or 0·05 c.c., neutralizes the
bacteriolytic action of 1 milligramme of _Cobra_-venom, while normal
serum heated, even in larger doses, is without effect. The lysin and
the antivenomous serum appear also to enter into stable combination; by
heating to 80° C., after dilution of the mixture neutral antivenomous
serum + venom, the property of dissolving is not restored to the latter.
Pursuing his researches upon the bacteriolytic actions, Noc has also
shown that the _fresh_ serums of the rabbit, horse, guinea-pig, rat,
and man are capable of destroying them completely. We must conclude
from this that venom has the property of fixing the alexin of these
fresh serums, and in fact it is easy to show that this fixation takes
place by experimenting with hæmolytic alexin, which is much more
easy to study; it is sufficient to eliminate the intervention of the
hæmolysin proper to _Cobra_-venom.
With this object, Noc employed horse-corpuscles (which are readily
dissolved by fresh rat-serum), and neutralised the hæmolysin proper
to the venom by antivenomous serum, which has no effect upon fresh
horse-corpuscles and upon the alexin of rat-serum.
For experimental purposes six tubes are prepared with contents as
follows:--
(1) 0·5 c.c. of fresh rat-serum.
(2) 0·5 c.c. of fresh rat-serum + 0·5 milligramme of Cobra-venom (0·5
c.c. of a solution of 1 in 1,000).
(3) 0·5 c.c. of fresh rat-serum + 1 milligramme of venom (after fifteen
minutes’ contact of the venom with the alexin in tubes 2 and 3 the
venom is neutralised by 1 c.c. of antivenomous serum in the case of
tube 2, and by 2 c.c. in that of tube 3).
(4) 1 milligramme of venom.
(5) 1 c.c. of antivenomous serum.
(6) 0·5 c.c. of fresh rat-serum + 1 c.c. of antivenomous serum.
To each tube 2 drops of defibrinated horse-blood are added, and the
tubes are placed in the stove at a temperature of 35° C.
In tubes 1 and 6, which contain fresh rat-serum alone, and fresh serum
+ antivenomous serum, hæmolysis appears in a few minutes. In tube 4,
which received venom alone, hæmolysis is also produced in one hour. It
is not produced at all in tubes 2 and 3, which received the neutral
mixture of fresh serum and venom, proving that the hæmolytic alexin has
been fixed by the venom. The latter, therefore, here plays the part of
a true fixator or _amboceptor_.
Venom behaves, in short, after the manner of extracts of organs. The
fixation of hæmolytic alexin by extracts of organs, the tissues, and
animal cells (liver, spleen, spermatozoids, &c., &c.), has already been
demonstrated by V. Dungern, P. Müller, Levaditi, and E. Hoke. The same
fact is also observed with solutions of peptone. The fixation of alexin
is therefore a general property of certain albuminoid molecules.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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