Venoms: Venomous Animals and Antivenomous Serum-therapeuticsCalmette, A. (Albert)
Science
Venoms: Venomous Animals and Antivenomous Serum-therapeutics
Calmette, A. (Albert)
Antitoxins; Poisonous snakes; Toxins; Venom
Weever-venom dissolves the red corpuscles of the horse in the
presence of normal heated horse-serum, but does not dissolve them in
the presence of fresh serum. The non-heated serum, therefore, as I
have shown with reference to the action of cobra-venom on the blood,
contains a natural antihæmolysin.
Briot succeeded in vaccinating rabbits by accustoming them to the
venom, and in obtaining from them a serum capable of neutralising
the latter _in vitro_, and of immunising fresh rabbits against doses
several times lethal, even when injected intravenously.
According to Gressin, the following phenomena are produced in man as
the result of Weever-stings:--
“At first there is felt an excruciating, shooting, paralysing pain,
which, in the case of nervous persons, may cause attacks of leipothymia
ending in syncope. A kind of painful formication next pervades the
injured limb, which becomes swollen and inflamed, and may even, if
treatment be neglected, form the starting point of a gangrenous
phlegmon.
“This condition is frequently accompanied by certain general
phenomena--such as fever, delirium, and bilious vomiting, the duration
of which is variable, since they may only last for two or three hours,
or may continue for several days. Fishermen rightly consider this
variability to depend upon the amount of venom that has penetrated
into the wound, and especially upon the season at which the accident
takes place. The most serious results are recorded during the spawning
season, and fishermen regard the Lesser Weever as being the more
poisonous.”
3.--Gobiidæ.
In the fishes belonging to this family the body is elongated and
depressed, while the spines in the anterior dorsal fin and in the
ventral fins are slender, flexible, and seldom very solid. The ventral
fins are inserted on the breast or on the throat, and are either
separated or united together in the shape of a funnel. The skin is
naked or covered with large scales, and the mouth is furnished with
teeth. The males are distinguished by the presence of a long genital
papilla. These fishes are carnivorous.
[Illustration: FIG. 109.--_Callionymus lyra_ (Dragonet or
Skulpin. Family _Gobiidæ_).]
Several species of venomous =Gobiidæ= are met with on the shores
France and in the tropical zone. The most important of these belong to
the genus _Callionymus_ (_C. belennus_, _C. lacertus_, _C. vulsus_, and
_C. lyra_--fig. 109).
The Dragonet or Skulpin (_Callionymus lyra_), which is common on the
coast of Calvados, may attain the length of 30 cm. In France it is
popularly known as the _Doucet_, _Dragonnet_, _Lavandière_, _Cornaud_,
or _Capouri_. Its colours are very vivid, orange and deep lilac.
In this fish the præopercular bone ends in three strong, conical, and
very sharp points, diverging like the prongs of a trident. The upper
margin of the opercular bone bears another point, which is directed
upwards.
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