Typical Quadrumana Pre-eminently organized for grasping. Sub-typical Feræ Claws retractile; carnivorous. Natatorial Cetacea Pre-eminently aquatic; feet very short. Suctorial Glires Muzzle lengthened and pointed. Rasorial Ungulata Crests and other processes on the head. He then takes the quadrumana, and places it in the following arrangement:— Typical Simiadæ (Monkeys of Old World.) Sub-typical Cebidæ (Monkeys of New World.) Natatorial Unknown Suctorial Vespertilionidæ (Bats.) Rasorial Lemuridæ (Lemurs.) He considers the simiadæ as a complete circle, and argues thence that there is no room in the range of the animal kingdom for man. Man, he says, is not a constituent part of any circle, for, if he were, there ought to be other animals on each hand having affinity to him, whereas there are none, the resemblance of the orangs being one of mere analogy. Mr. Swainson therefore considers our race as standing apart, and forming a link between the unintelligent order of beings and the angels! And this in spite of the glaring fact that, in our teeth, hands, and other features grounded on by naturalists as characteristic, we do not differ more from the simiadæ than the bats do from the lemurs—in spite also of that resemblance of analogy to the orangs which he himself admits, and which, at the least, must be held to imply a certain relation. He also overlooks that, though there may be no room for man in the circle of the simiadæ, (this, indeed, is quite true,) there may be in the order, where he actually leaves a place entirely blank, or only to be filled up, as he suggests, by mermen! {266} Another argument in his arrangement is, that it leaves the grades of classification very much abridged, there being at the most seven instead of nine. But serious argument on a theory so preposterous may be considered as nearly thrown away. I shall therefore at once proceed to suggest a new arrangement of this portion of the animal kingdom, in which man is allowed the place to which he is zoologically entitled. I propose that the typical order of the mammalia should be designated cheirotheria, from the sole character which is universal amongst them, their possessing hands, and with a regard to that pre-eminent qualification for grasping which has been ascribed to them—an analogy to the perching habit of the typical order of birds, which is worthy of particular notice. The tribes of the cheirotheria I arrange as follows:— Typical Bimana. Sub-typical Simiadæ. Natatorial Vespertilionidæ. Suctorial Lemuridæ. Rasorial Cebidæ.