Such phraseology is by no means restricted to one document or one locality. In a Ramsey Cartulary we find the following entry in regard to a Huntingdonshire manor: 'Of seven hides one is free; of the remaining six two virgates pay rent. The holder pays with the villains; he pays merchet and joins in the boon-work as the villains. The remaining five hides and three virgates are in pure villainage[344].' The gradation is somewhat more complex here than in the Somersetshire instance: besides free land and working land we have a separate division for mixed cases. But the foundation is the same in both documents. Earlier surveys of Ramsey Abbey show the same classification of holding into free and working virgates (_liberae_, _ad opus_[345]). [Terra ad furcam et flagellum.] In opposition to free service, that is rent, we find both the _villenagium_[346] and the _terra consuetudinaria_ or _customaria_[347], burdened with the usual rural work. Sometimes the document points out that land has been freed or exempted from the common duties of the village[348]; in regard to manorial work the village formed a compact body. The notion which I have been explaining lies at the bottom of a curious designation sometimes applied to base tenure in the earlier documents of our period--_terra ad furcam et flagellum_[349], fleyland. The Latin expression has been construed to mean land held by a person under the lord's jurisdiction, under his gallows and his whip, but this explanation is entirely false. The meaning is, that a base holding is occupied by people who have to work with pitchfork and flail, and may-be other instruments of agriculture[350], instead of simply paying rent. In view of such a phraseology the same tenement could alternately be considered as a free or a servile one, according to its changing obligations[351]. Some surveys insert two parallel descriptions of duties which are meant to fit both eventualities; when the land is _ad opus_, it owes such and such services; when it is _ad censum_, it pays so much rent. It must be added, that in a vast majority of cases rent-paying land retains some remnants of services, and, _vice versâ_, land subjected to village-work pays small rents[352]; the general quality of the holding is made to depend on the prevailing character of the duties.