Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval HistoryVinogradoff, Paul
History
Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval History
Vinogradoff, Paul
Villeinage -- England -- History -- To 1500
A very characteristic expression of their influence may be found in the
fact that the manorial rolls very often describe in detail, not only
what the peasants are bound to do for the lord, but what the lord must
do for the peasants; especially when and how he is to feed them. Of
course, the origin of such usage cannot be traced to anything like a
right on the part of the villain; it comes from the landlord's
concessions and good-will, but grace loses its exceptional aspect in
this case and leads to a morally binding obligation[361]. When the
villain brings his yearly rent to his lord, the latter often invites him
to his table[362]. Very common is the practice of providing a meal for
the labourers on the _boon-days_, the days on which the whole population
of the village had to work for the lord in the most busy time of the
summer and autumn. Such boon-work was considered as a kind of surplus
demand; it exceeded the normal distribution of work. It is often
mentioned accordingly that such service is performed out of affection
for the lord, and sometimes it gets the eloquent name of 'love-bene.' In
proportion as the manorial administration gets more work done in this
exceptional manner, it becomes more and more gracious in regard to the
people. 'Dry requests' (siccae precariae) are followed by 'requests with
beer' (precariae cerevisiae). But it was not beer alone that could be
got on such days. Here is a description of the customs of Borle, a manor
belonging to Christ Church, Canterbury, in Essex. 'And let it be known
that when he, the villain, with other customers shall have done cutting
the hay on the meadow in Raneholm, they will receive by custom three
quarters of wheat for baking bread, and one ram of the price of eighteen
pence, and one pat of butter, and one piece of cheese of the second sort
from the lord's dairy, and salt, and oatmeal for cooking a stew, and all
the morning milk from all the cows in the dairy, and for every day a
load of hay. He may also take as much grass as he is able to lift on the
point of his scythe. And when the mown grass is carried away, he has a
right to one cart. And he is bound to carry sheaves, and for each
service of this kind he will receive one sheaf, called "mene-schef." And
whenever he is sent to carry anything with his cart, he shall have oats,
as usual, so much, namely, as he can thrice take with his hand[363].'
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