Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval HistoryVinogradoff, Paul
History
Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval History
Vinogradoff, Paul
Villeinage -- England -- History -- To 1500
In reality the peasantry gained much more than the lord. Just because
money rents displaced the ploughings and reapings very gradually, they
assumed the most important characteristic of these latter--their
customary uniformity; tradition kept them at a certain level which it
was very difficult to disturb, even when the interests of the lord and
the conditions of the time had altered a great deal. Prices fluctuate
and rise gradually, the buying strength of money gets lowered little by
little, but customary rents remain much the same as they were before.
Thus in process of time the balance gets altered for the benefit of the
rent payer. I do not mean to say that such views and such facts were in
full operation from the very beginning: one of the chief reasons for
holding the Glastonbury inquest of 1189 was the wish to ascertain
whether the rents actually corresponded to the value of the plots, and
to make the necessary modifications. But such fresh assessments were
very rare, it was difficult to carry them into practice, and the general
tendency was distinctly towards a stability of customary rents.
[Social results of commutation.]
The whole process has a social and not merely an economical meaning.
Commutation, even when it was restricted to agricultural services,
certainly tended to weaken the hold of the lord on his men. Personal
interference was excluded by it, the manorial relation resolved itself
into a practice of paying certain dues once or several times a year; the
peasant ceased to be a tool in the husbandry arrangements of his master.
The change made itself especially felt when the commutation took place
in regard to entire villages[371]: the new arrangement developed into
the custom of a locality, and gathered strength by the number of
individuals concerned in it, and the cohesion of the group. In order not
to lose all power in such a township, the lords usually reserved some
cases for special interference and stipulated that some services should
still be rendered in kind[372].
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