Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval HistoryVinogradoff, Paul
History
Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval History
Vinogradoff, Paul
Villeinage -- England -- History -- To 1500
In order to appreciate rightly the position of the free tenements in the
manor we have to examine whether these tenements are all of one and the
same kind or not, and this must be done not from the legal standpoint
whence it has already been reviewed, but in connexion with the
practical management of the estate. I think that a survey of the
different meanings which the term bears in our documents must lead us to
recognise three chief distinctions: first there is free land which once
formed part of the demesne but has been separated from it; then there is
the land held by villagers outside the regular arrangements of the rural
community, and lastly there are ancient free holdings of the same shape
as the servile tenements, though differing from the latter in legal
character. Each class will naturally fall into subdivisions[715].
[Free tenements carved out of the demesne.]
Under the first head it is to be observed that domanial land very often
lost its direct connexion with the lord's household, and was given away
to dependent people on certain conditions. One of the questions
addressed to the juries by the Glastonbury Inquest of 1189 was prompted
by this practice: it was asked what demesne land had been given out
under free agreement or servile conditions, and whether it was
advantageous to keep to the arrangement or not. One of the reasons which
lay at the root of the process has been already touched upon. Grants of
domanial land occur commonly in return for services rendered in the
administration of the manor: reeves, ploughmen, herdsmen, woodwards are
sometimes recompensed in this manner instead of being liberated from the
duties incumbent on their holding. A small rent was usually affixed to
the plot severed from the demesne, and the whole arrangement may be
regarded as very like an ordinary lease. An attenuated form of the same
thing may be noticed when some officer or servant was permitted to use
certain plots of domanial land during the tenure of his office. It
happened, for instance, that a cotter was entrusted to take care of a
team of oxen belonging to the lord or obliged to drive his plough. He
might be repaid either by leave to use the manorial plough on his own
land on specified occasions, or else by an assignment to him of the crop
on certain acres of the home farm[716]. Such privileges are sometimes
granted to villagers who do not seem to be personally employed in the
manorial administration, but such cases are rare, and must be due to
special reasons which escape our notice.
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