Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval HistoryVinogradoff, Paul
History
Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval History
Vinogradoff, Paul
Villeinage -- England -- History -- To 1500
We need not dwell much on the observation that the servile tenements
sometimes display no perfect regularity. Sometimes the burdens incumbent
on them are not quite equal. Sometimes again the holdings themselves are
not quite equal. In Fulborne, Cambridgeshire, e.g., the villains of Alan
de la Zuche are assessed very irregularly[736], although their tenements
are described as virgates and half-virgates. Of course, the general
character of the virgate system remains unaltered by these exceptional
deviations, which may be easily explained by the consideration that the
social order was undergoing a process of change. The disruption of some
of the villain holdings and the modification of certain duties are
perhaps less strange than the fact that such alterations should be so
decidedly exceptional. Still, the occurrence of irregularities even
within the range of villainage warns us not to be too hasty in our
inferences about free tenements; it shows, at any rate, that
irregularities may well arise even where there has once been a definite
plan, and that it is worth while to enquire whether some traces of such
an original plan may not still be discovered amidst the apparent
disorder of free tenements.
[Free virgates.]
And a little attention will show us many cases in which free tenements
are arranged on the virgate system. There is hardly any need for
quotations on this point: the Hundred Rolls of all the six counties of
which we possess surveys, supply an unlimited number of instances. True,
fundamental divisions of land and service may often be obscured and
confused by the existence of plots which do not fit into the system; but
as in the case of servile tenements we occasionally find irregularities,
so in the case of free tenements we often see that below the superficial
irregularities there lie traces of an ancient plan. The manor of
Ayllington (Elton), Huntingdonshire, belonging to the Abbey of Ramsey,
presents a good example in point[737]. It is reckoned to contain
thirteen hides and a half, each hide comprising six virgates, and each
virgate twenty-four acres. The actual distribution of the holdings
squares to a fraction with this computation, if we take into the
reckoning the demesne, the free and the villain tenements. Three hides
are in the lord's hand, one is held by a large tenant, John of
Ayllington, eleven virgates and a half by other freeholders, forty-two
virgates and a half by the villains; the grand total being exactly
thirteen hides. The numerous cotters are not taken into account, and
evidently left 'outside the hides' (extra hidam); this is a very common
thing in the Surveys. If we neglect them, and turn to the holdings in
the 'hidated' portion of the manor, we shall notice that the greater
part of the free tenements are arranged on the same system as the
servile tenements. We find six free tenants with a virgate apiece, one
with half a virgate, three with a virgate and a half, and three jointly
possessed of two virgates.
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