Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval HistoryVinogradoff, Paul
History
Villainage in England: Essays in English Mediaeval History
Vinogradoff, Paul
Villeinage -- England -- History -- To 1500
The example is instructive in many ways. It is a stepping-stone from
villainage to socage, or rather to socman's tenure. There can be no
question of differences of feoffment. The manorial power is fully
recognised, and on the other hand the character of ancient demesne is
also conspicuous with its protection of the peasantry. And still the
whole fabric is giving way--the holdings get dispersed and the service
loses its uniformity. All these traits are a fair warning to those who
argue from the irregularity of free tenements and the inequality of
their rents against the possibility of their development out of communal
ownership. Here is a well-attested village community; its members hold
by custom and have not changed their condition either for the better or
for the worse in point of title. Later agencies are at work to distort
the original arrangement--a few steps more in that direction and it
would be impossible to make out even the chief lines of the system.
Stanton, in Cambridgeshire, is a similar case[761]. I would especially
direct the attention of the reader to the capricious way in which the
services are assessed. And still the titles of the tenants are the
result not of various grants but of manorial custom applied to the whole
community. I repeat, that irregularity in the size of holdings and in
the services that they owe is no proof that these holdings have not
formed part of a communal arrangement or that their free character (if
they have a free character) must be the result of emancipation; these
irregularities are found on the ancient demesne where there has been no
enfranchisement or emancipation, and where on the other hand the tenants
have all along been sufficiently 'free' to enjoy legal protection in
their holdings.
If we have to say so much with regard to ancient demesne and bond
socmen, we must not wonder that free socmen are very often placed in
conditions which it would be impossible to reduce to a definite plan. On
the fee of Robert le Noreys, in Fordham[762], we find some scattered
free tenants burdened with entirely irregular rents, four villains
holding eighteen acres each and subjected to heavy ploughing work, three
socmen of twenty acres each paying a rent of 4_s._ 2_d._ per holding,
and obliged to assist at reaping and to bring chicken, one socman of
nine acres paying 10_d._, one of seven acres also assessed at 10_d._,
two of eleven acres paying 15_d._, etc.
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