Volcanoes: What They are and What They TeachJudd, John W. (John Wesley)
Science
Volcanoes: What They are and What They Teach
Judd, John W. (John Wesley)
Volcanoes
We have already referred to the remarkable fact that in our earth's
crust nearly all the other elementary substances are found combined
in the first instance with oxygen, and that most rocks consist of the
oxide of silicon combined with the oxides of various metals. But this
is by no means the case with the meteorites. In them we find metals
like iron, nickel, cobalt, &c., in their uncombined condition, and
forming alloys with one another. The same and other metals also occur
in combination with carbon, phosphorus, chlorine, and sulphur, and
some of the substances thus formed are quite unknown among terrestrial
rocks. Compounds of the oxide of silicon with the oxides of the metals
such as form the mass of the crust of the globe do occur in meteorites,
but they play a much less important part than in the case of the
terrestrial rocks.
Among the substances found in meteorites are several which do not exist
among the terrestrial rocks--some, indeed, which it seems impossible
to conceive of as being formed and preserved under terrestrial
conditions. Among these we may mention the phosphide of iron and nickel
(Schreibersite), the sulphide of chromium and iron (Daubréelite), the
protosulphide of iron (Troilite), the sulphide of calcium (Oldhamite),
the protochloride of iron (Lawrencite), and a peculiar form of
crystallised silica, called by Professor Maskelyne 'Asmanite.'
[Sidenote: DIFFERENT KINDS OF METEORITES.]
There are other phenomena exhibited by meteorites which indicate that
they must have been formed under conditions very different to those
which prevail upon the earth's surface. Thus we find that fused iron
and molten slag-like materials have remained entangled with each other,
and have not separated as they would do if a great body like the earth
were near to exercise the varying force of gravity upon the two
classes of substances. Again, meteorites are found to have absorbed
many times their bulk of hydrogen gas, and to exhibit peculiarities in
their microscopic structure which can probably be only accounted for
when we remember that they were formed in the interplanetary spaces,
far away from any great attracting body.
But in recent years a number of very important facts have been
discovered which may well lead us to devote a closer attention to the
composition and structure of meteorites. It has been shown, on the
one hand, that some meteorites contain substances precisely similar
to those which are sometimes brought from the earth's interior during
volcanic outbursts; and, on the other hand, there have been detected,
among some of the ejections of volcanoes, bodies which so closely
resemble meteorites that they were long mistaken for them. Both kinds
of observation seem to point to the conclusion that the earth's
interior is composed of similar materials to those which we find in the
small planets called meteorites.
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