Ottoman Porte, state of, 188; influence of the Czar at, 193, 194 Paikel, Livonian officer, endeavours to save his life by disclosing the secret for manufacturing gold, 129 Patkul, General, joins the Russian side, 113; Czar’s ambassador in Sweden, _ib._; arrested by order of Augustus, _ib._; Charles XII insists on his release, 126; his terrible end, 127, 128 Peter the Great, 17, 18; his conquests, 21; his education and early life, 24, 25; his reforms, 26-29; builds St. Petersburg, 32; his barbarity, 32, 33; concludes treaty with King of Poland against Sweden, 34; his defeat at Narva, 49-54; meeting and further treaty with King of Poland, 58; takes Narva by assault, 110; checks the outrages of his soldiers, 111; lays the foundations of St. Petersburg, _ib._; invites Augustus to conference at Grodno, 113; departs suddenly to check an insurrection, _ib._; his troops dispersed by Charles XII and Stanislas, 114, 115; his troops victorious over the Swedes, 123; his anger at and revenge of the execution of his ambassador, 130-132; enters Poland with over 60,000 men, 132; his desolation of, 134; withdraws into Lithuania, _ib._; flies at the approach of Charles XII, 149; leaves Grodno by one gate as Charles enters at another, _ib._; is driven from the Berezine, 151; defeated at Borysthenes, 152; sees his country desolated and makes proposals to Charles XII, 153; the king’s haughty answer, _ib._; his defeat by the Swedes under Levenhaupt, 161; pursues the enemy and brings them to a stand, _ib._; after three days’ fighting his superior forces gain the upper hand, 162; at Pultawa, 169-175; his elation at his success, 179, 180; his admiration of the Swedish generals, 180; cruelty to the Cossack prisoners, 181; makes use of his victory to seize other places and sends troops to Poland, 201; contrast of, with Charles XII, 201, 202; agrees to treaty of the Hague, 203; triumphal entry into Moscow, 204-206; hears of Turkish preparations against him, 215; makes a treaty with Prince Cantemir and marches into Moldavia, 216; finds himself without provisions, 217; is driven back on Pruth, 218; his difficult position, 219; determines to attack the Turks, destroying all that might serve as booty to the enemy, _ib._; is induced by the Czarina to sue for peace, 222; concludes treaty with Grand Vizir, 224, 225; fails to fulfil his promises, 232; Sultan declares war against, 239; peace again concluded, 241; insists on Charles XII being sent away, _ib._; gains control of the Baltic, 296; his victory over the Swedish fleet, 297; triumphal entry into St. Petersburg, _ib._; supports Baron Gortz’s scheme, 317; his behaviour on hearing of Gortz’s arrest, 323; his proposal of alliance to the Regent of France, _ib._; his daughter asked in marriage for the Pretender, 325