=Papal States Campaign, 1860.=--This medal was given by Pope Pius IX to his troops, including the Irish Brigade of Volunteers, who served under Major O'Reilly against Garibaldi. It was issued in gold to officers, and in silver and white metal to privates. The obverse: An open ring formed by the body of a serpent--symbolic of eternity--on the head of which rests an inverted cross; around, on a plain band with simple, moulded edge is the motto, PRO PETRI SEDE▲ PIO · IX · P · M · A · XV▲. On the reverse, in the band, VICTORIA QVAE VINCIT MVNDVM FIDES NOSTRA *. This (facing page 352) is a circular medal, 1½ in. in diameter, with a plain, raised, double border, and a scroll bar and claw clip suspender, from a crimson ribbon, 1⅕ in. wide, with two white stripes, edged with yellow. =The Caucasus.=--For services in the Caucasus between 1859-1864 the Emperor Alexander II granted a small silver medal 1⅟₁₆ in. in diameter bearing on the obverse his bust in profile facing left, and on the reverse across the centre is the date 1859-1864 encircled by an inscription in Russian characters stating that it is awarded for the subjugation of the Western Caucasus. A bronze Cross, with crossed swords between the arms, to be attached to the uniform by means of a ring and bar attachment, was also awarded for the same campaign. It bears the explanatory inscription across the horizontal arms and Alexander's initial in Russian character surmounted by the Russian Imperial crown in the upper arm, and the date 1864 in the lower arm. In the circle which occupies the centre is the Russian eagle. It is 1⁹⁄₁₀ in. across the arms. (See facing page 364.) =The Polish Insurrection.=--For the suppression of the Polish Insurrection a bronze medal, 1⅟₁₆ in. in diameter, was granted to the Russian troops. It is suspended from a ¾ in. ribbon composed of three equal stripes of white, yellow, and black, and bears on the obverse the two-headed Imperial eagle, surmounted by the Imperial crown, holding in its claws the orb and sceptre. On the reverse across the centre is the date 1863-1864 encircled by the inscription, in Russian, "For the suppression of the Polish Rebellion." =Cross for König Grätz.=--The Cross for König Grätz was awarded to the Prussian troops who fought against the Austrians during the sanguinary and disastrous seven weeks ("seven days") war in 1866. It was this short campaign which demonstrated the superiority of the needle gun or breech-loader, on the bolt principle, over the old-fashioned muzzle-loader used by the Austrians, who assert that they were defeated simply because it took them three or four times as long to load and fire their guns as it did the Prussians. In this fight, also called the battle of Sadowa, the Austrians lost 20,000 men placed _hors de combat_, and as many prisoners. The Prussian loss was 10,000.