Water Reptiles of the Past and PresentWilliston, Samuel Wendell
Science
Water Reptiles of the Past and Present
Williston, Samuel Wendell
Aquatic reptiles; Aquatic reptiles, Fossil
The second family, the Tomistomidae, or long-snouted crocodiles,
comprises but two living species, both restricted at the present time
to Borneo. These crocodiles have a moderately slender snout, because
of which they are sometimes called gavials, though it is not nearly so
slender as that of the true Gangetic gavial. This family is probably
older than either of the other living ones, and is the only one known
with certainty to have lived during much of the Cretaceous times,
several species of considerable size having been found in New Jersey
and Europe. Their feet are better webbed than are those of the true
crocodiles and alligators, the front feet partly, the hind feet wholly
so. In general structure they seem to be the most primitive of the
living Crocodilia, and may have been the ancestors of all modern forms.
[Illustration: FIG. 105.—Gavial. (By permission of the New York
Zoological Society)]
The third family, the Gavialidae, also comprises but two living
species, both restricted in habitat to the rivers of India. Of these
the famed gavial of the Ganges is the better known and the more highly
specialized. The skull of this species has an exceedingly long and
slender snout; the teeth are numerous, small, and slender; and the feet
are more fully webbed than are those of other members of the order. In
habits the gavials are more distinctly aquatic than are the crocodiles
and alligators. They feed almost exclusively upon small fishes, for
the seizure and retention of which their small and sharply pointed
teeth are admirably adapted. The hind feet are relatively long, a
character that will be better understood when comparison is made with
those of the Thalattosuchia. Although attaining a large size, fully
twenty-five feet in length, they are comparatively harmless animals,
never attacking human beings or other large animals, as do some of the
crocodiles proper. The gavials have lived a long time in the Indian
regions, the Gangetic gavial itself having been found in deposits
of Pleiocene age, perhaps the oldest known of all living species of
air-breathing vertebrates. Some of the extinct gavials of the same
region attained a length of nearly or quite fifty feet, possibly the
longest, if not the largest, of all swimming reptiles of ancient or
modern times. Extinct gavials have been reported from South America,
but are not yet fully known.
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