Per Cent. Rhamnus frangula contains 27 Laburnum 25 Boxwood 24 Sweet Chestnut 23 Oak 22 Holly 20 Walnut 20 Beech 19 Sycamore 19 Elm 19 Willow 18 Poplar 18 Birch 17 Alder 17 Ash 17 Hazel 17 Mountain Ash 17 Scotch fir 16 Larch 16 =Uses of Charcoal.=—The uses of charcoal for estate purposes are very numerous, for horticultural, agricultural and other departments. From remote antiquity charcoal has been used as a fuel, and for many purposes it is still unsurpassed. It is by far the cleanest solid fuel known; it burns steadily, gives out a great amount of heat, and lasts well. On account of its smokelessness it is invaluable for cookery, and it is also admirably suited for use in green-house and other stoves. It is not adopted for heating apartments on account of the poisonous gas (carbonic oxide) produced in its combustion, and the danger, most apparent when the charcoal is burnt in an open chauffer, is not obviated by using it in a stove, as carbonic oxide has the power of diffusing through red-hot iron. In gardening, charcoal is largely used for potting purposes, for vine borders, and for flower beds; and in the form of dust it is the best material for packing bulbs for transmission to a distance. Perhaps the most important of the uses to which charcoal can be put about a house or estate is that depending on its extraordinary power of absorbing gases. It is a perfect deodorant, a preservative of food and all animal substances and a valuable disinfectant. The gases most readily absorbed by charcoal are those which are most prejudicial to health and most frequently produced by putrefactive changes. In the pores of the charcoal they are destroyed by union with the oxygen condensed from the air. The fact of its being absolutely non-poisonous and perfectly odourless puts it before all other disinfectants.