* designing school programs that stress the development of individual identity based on a sense of personal success Reality therapists believe that their approach is of value to people who want to develop a more successful pattern of living, of managing their own affairs, and of coping effectively with challenges at work and with problems of everyday living. Reality therapy has also been used in industry with organizational problems and with difficulties experienced by individual employees. Reality therapy is not useful in treating problems in which there is severe withdrawal (as in autism) or cases involving serious mental retardation. To be effective, reality therapy presupposes that clients are able to communicate and are both willing and able to cultivate habits of self-discipline and personal responsibility. ADLERIAN PSYCHOTHERAPY _For individuals interested in personal growth, especially in social directions, and for persons with low self-esteem who feel blocked and discouraged about life._ {158} The greatest principle of living is to love one's neighbor as oneself. Rabbi Akiva, writing 2,000 years ago Alfred Adler (1870-1937) was a contemporary of Freud. Early in his career, Adler was invited by Freud to participate in his special circle of professionals interested in the development of psychoanalysis. Adler's already formulated views were not in accord with Freud's, their differences became more pronounced, and Adler eventually separated himself from psychoanalysis. Freud was embittered and became a lifelong enemy of Adler. In contrast to Freud's technical and abstract theory, Adler's is humanistic, open, and concrete. Where Freudian analysis believes that emotional disturbances have a sexual basis, Adlerian therapy claims that neurosis comes about through distorted perceptions and from habits and attitudes that are _learned_. In Adler's system of _individual psychology_, there is no concern for unconscious processes or for internal divisions of the self into id, superego, and ego. Adlerians stress that a person forms a unity and must be treated as a whole. Adler's approach to psychotherapy is based on the view that feelings of inferiority are normal. They exist in children, and they continue to be present in adults who may feel weak psychologically, socially, or because of physical limitations. To compensate for feelings of inferiority, adults strive for superiority by dealing effectively with the world, or they become deeply discouraged (however, they are not considered to be "sick") and lose contact with positive, constructive activities.