Together, these three criticisms have made therapists feel very defensive--and rightly so. If fictitious treatment by a mock therapist works as well as treatment provided by a man or woman who has trained long and hard for a Ph.D. or M.D., wouldn't _you_ feel ill at ease--perhaps very much ill at ease!--charging your clients $75 to $100 an hour for your time for a service that is no better than none at all and may even cause your clients to get worse? These are not trumped-up charges against psychotherapy that we can afford to ignore. Therapists don't like to confront them. Here are some of the results of research studies: {269} ... [A]s compared with spontaneous remission, there is no good evidence to suggest that psychotherapy and psychoanalysis have effects that are in any way superior.[3] [3] Hans J. Eysenck, "The Battle over Therapeutic Effectiveness," in J. Hariman, ed., _Does Psychotherapy Really Help People?_, p. 59. ... [M]ost of the verbal psychotherapies have an effect size that is only marginally greater than the effect size for ... a "placebo treatment."[4] [4] Edward Erwin, "Is Psychotherapy More Effective Than a Placebo?," in _Does Psychotherapy Really Help People?_, p. 39. Most writers ... agree that the therapeutic claims made for psychotherapy range from the abysmally low to the astonishingly high and, furthermore, they would tend to agree that on the average psychotherapy appears to produce approximately the same amount of improvement as can be observed in patients who have not received this type of treatment.[5] [5] Rachman, _The Effects of Psychotherapy_, p. 84. ... [U]sing placebo treatment as a proper control (which it undoubtedly is), we find that the alleged effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy [i.e., psychoanalysis] vanishes almost completely.[6] [6] Eysenck, "The Battle over Therapeutic Effectiveness," p. 56. There is still no acceptable evidence to support the view that psychoanalytic treatment is effective.[7] [7] Rachman, _The Effects of Psychotherapy_, p. 63. ... [T]here is no relationship between duration of therapy and effectiveness of therapy.[8] [8] Eysenck, "The Battle over Therapeutic Effectiveness," p. 57. Psychotherapy of any kind applies techniques that are based on certain theories, and these theories demand not only that there should be correlation between success and length of treatment, but also that the training and experience of the therapist should be extremely important. To find that neither of these corollaries is in fact borne out must be an absolute death blow to any claims to have demonstrated the effectiveness of psychotherapy.[9] [9] _Ibid._ The pessimism produced by these conclusions was summed up by Hans J. Eysenck, professor at the Institute of Psychiatry in London: {270}