[1] See World Almanac 1916, p. 488. [2] The cost of the war has been calculated by various writers on both sides of the Atlantic. Mr. Wm. Rossiter writes on "The Statistical Side of the Economic Costs of the War," in the _American Economic Review_ for March, 1916. Mr. Edmund Crammond's paper in _The Journal of the Royal Statistical Society_, Sir George Paish in the various issues of the _London Statist_, and others, have given careful estimates of the direct cost of the war to nations and individuals. During the first and cheapest year, according to Mr. Rossiter, the total cost of the war, not including the economic value of the lives lost, rose to forty billion dollars. That is equal to all the national debts of the world. [3] See Appendix II on "The Treatment of Armenians," by Viscount Bryce. [4] Publishers' Note: The whole problem of the meaning of suffering and its relation to the present war, especially for those who have suffered bereavement, is dealt with by the author in his book, "Suffering and the War." [5] "For France and the Faith," Letters of Alfred Eugene Casalis, Association Press. APPENDIX I EXTRACTS FROM "ETERNAL PEACE" BY IMMANUEL KANT "No conclusion of peace shall be held to be valid as such when it has been made with the secret reservation of the material for a future war. No State having an existence by itself--whether it be small or large--shall be acquired by another State through inheritance, exchange, purchase, or donation. A State is not to be regarded as property or patrimony, like the soil on which it may be settled. Standing armies shall be entirely abolished in the course of time. For they threaten other States incessantly with war by their appearing to be always equipped to enter upon it. No State shall intermeddle by force with the constitution or government of another State. "No State at war with another shall adopt such modes of hostility as would necessarily render mutual confidence impossible in a future peace--such as the employment of assassins or poisoners, the violation of a capitulation, the instigation of treason, and such like. These are dishonorable stratagems. For there must be some trust in the habit and disposition even of an enemy in war.