[100] The brain of Sonya Kovalevsky was not weighed until it had been four years in alcohol. Prof. Gustaf Retzius then wrote an elaborate account of it and estimated that its weight, at the time of Sonya's death, was 1385 grams. The brain-weight of her illustrious contemporary, Hermann von Helmholtz, was 1440 grams. But when the body-weights of these two eminent mathematicians are borne in mind--Sonya was short and slender--it will be seen that the relative amount of brain tissue was greater in the woman than in the man. Cf. _Das Gehirn des Mathematikers Sonja Kovalewski in Biologische Untersuchungen_, von Prof. Dr. Gustaf Retzius, pp. 1-17, Stockholm, 1900. [101] The reader who desires more detailed information respecting the brain-weights of men and women of various races and the relation of brain-weight to intelligence may consult with profit the following works and articles: _Memoires d'Anthropologie de Paul Broca_, 5 Vols., Paris, 1871-1888; _Alte und Neue Gehirn Probleme nebst einer 1078 Falle umfassenden Gehirngewichstatistik aus den Kgl. pathologisch-anatomischen Institut zu Muenchen_, von W. W. Wendt, Muenchen, 1909; Gehirngewicht und Intelligenz, by Dr. F. K. Walter, Rostok, 1911; _Gehirngewicht und Intelligenz_, by Dr. J. Draeseke, Hamburg, in _Archiv fuer Rassen und Gesellschafts Biologe_, pp. 499-522, 1906; _Brain Weights and Intellectual Capacity_, by Joseph Simms, M. D., in the _Popular Science Monthly_, December, 1898, and _The Growth of the Brain_, by H. H. Donaldson, London, 1895. [102] "Quand on songe a la difference qui separe de notre temps l'education intellectuelle de l'homme de celle de la femme, on se demande si ce n'est pas cette influence qui retrecit le cervaux et le crane feminins, et si, les deux sexes etant livres a leur spontaneite, leur cervaux ne tendraient pas a se ressembler, aussi qu'il arrive chez les sauvages." _Bulletin de la Societe d'Anthropologie_, p. 503, Paris, July 3, 1879. [103] _Times_, London, July 8, 1874. Cf. Chap. XVII, on "Adolescent Girls and Their Education," in _Adolescence_, Vol. II, by G. Stanley Hall, New York, 1904. [104] _The Study of Science by Women in the Contemporary Review_ for March, 1869. [105] _Die Akademische Frau. Gutachten hervorragender Universitaeten-professoren, Frauenlehrer und Schriftsteller ueber die Befaehigung der Frau zum wissenschaftlichen Studium and Berufe herausgegeben von Arthur Kirchhoff_, Berlin, 1897. [106] "Ich komme beim Nachdenken hieruber zu der Ueberzeigung, dass kein Gott und keine Religion, kein Herkommen und kein Gesetz, aber ebensowenig die Wissenschaft uns das Recht erteilen, in dieser Beziehung zwischen dem mannerlichen und weiblichen Geschlect einen principiellen Unterschied zu statuiren." _Die Akademische Frau_, p. 41. [107] _The Subjection of Women_, p. 91, London, 1909. CHAPTER III WOMEN IN MATHEMATICS