[15] K. Kautsky, "Die Entstehung der Ehe und der Familie," Kosmos, 1883. [16] Montegazza, "L'Amour dans l'Humanite." [17] Joh. David Michaelis, "Mosaisches Recht," Reutlingen, 1793. [18] Karl Heinzen, "Ueber die Rechte und Stellung der Frauen." [19] Born 106 before our reckoning. [20] He lived from 527 to 565 of our reckoning. [21] Augustus, the son of Caesar by adoption, was of the Julian gens, hence the title "Julian" law. CHAPTER II. UNDER CHRISTIANITY. The opposite of polygamy,--as we have learned to know it among Oriental peoples, and as it still exists among them, but owing to the number of available women and the cost of their support, can be indulged in only by the privileged and the rich--is polyandry. The latter exists mainly among the highland people of Thibet, among the Garras on the Hindoo-Chinese frontier, among the Baigas in Godwana, the Nairs in the southern extremity of India; it is said to be found also among the Eskimos and Aleutians. Heredity is determined in the only way possible,--after the mother: the children belong to her. The husbands of a woman are usually brothers. When the elder brother marries, the other brothers likewise become the husbands of the woman; the woman, however, preserves the right to take other men besides. Conversely, the men also are said to have the right of taking a second, third, fourth, or more wives. To what circumstances polyandry owes its origin is not yet clear. Seeing that the polyandrous nations, without exception, live either on high mountain regions, or in the cold zone, polyandry probably owes its existence to a phenomenon that Tarnowsky comments on.[22] He learned from reliable travelers that a long sojourn at high elevations lowers the sensuous pleasures, and weakens erection, both of which return with new vigor by re-descension to lower altitudes. This lowering of the sexual powers, Tarnowsky is of the opinion, might partly account for the comparative slight increase of population on highland regions; and he is of the opinion that, when the debility is transmitted, it may become a source of degeneration that operates upon the perversity of the sexual sense.