The two are often confused in measuring the status of women of different countries. We can no more assimilate the movement for the enfranchisement of women in England to the movement for the enfranchisement of women in the western section of the United States than we can liken the economic and social status of the negro of the South before the Civil War with that of the negro of the North. The one was a slave to an economic regime and essential to its welfare; the other was a human being with little economic or social significance. Thus we see in some places the political rights of women asked for on industrial grounds, and fought for as an industrial expedient. Elsewhere the political rights of women are sought on a social basis alone. FOOTNOTES: [99] Morgan, _Ancient Societies_, p. 62. [100] Morgan, _Ancient Societies_, p. 470. [101] Vinegradoff, _The Growth of the Manor_, p. 249. [102] Ross, _The Early History of Land-Holding Among the Germans_, p. 67. [103] Vinegradoff, _The Growth of the Manor_, p. 249. [104] Maine, _Early History of Institutions_, p. 327. [105] Bagehot, _Physics and Politics_, p. 24. [106] Ostrogorski, _The Rights of Women_, pp. 8-9. [107] Ostrogorski, _The Rights of Women_, p. 2. [108] _Ibid_, p. 90. [109] Ashley, _Economic History_, 11, p. 42. [110] Lecky, _History of European Morals_, II, Chap. 5. [111] Ostrogorski, _The Rights of Women_, p. 26. [112] Lecky, _Democracy and Liberty_, II, pp. 512-513. [113] Russel, _German Social Democracy_, Appendix on Social Democracy and the Woman Question in Germany, p. 175. [114] _‘Feminisme’ in France_, Nineteenth Century, p. 816, Nov., 1908. CONCLUSION Our conception of humanity in early race history is associated with a struggle for subsistence. The animal instincts in men predominated and determined their destinies. When these deviated from a safe course, there was extinction. Danger was not encountered for the love of combat--if so man differed from other species--but to ward off a greater danger or to satisfy a hunger which was greater than the fear of forces. Such was the hunger for food and sex. Impulse and fear were the two guiding forces of primitive man, not self-control and reason. The sexual impulse of men was easily aroused while with women it was most often dormant. Thus the latter escaped one form of combat that played a conspicuous part in the race history. They lacked the impulse, and therefore the fear, that helped to make men fighters. The better fighters men were, the less need was there for women to take part in the combat. It was sex instinct which prompted men to fight for their mates, and it was the same instinct that incited them to protect them after possession had been obtained. Thus by virtue of sex woman gained protection from a hostile outside world, not only for herself but for her offspring.