"The tendency to put off giving orders to the last moment is easily checked when the customer can be met with a universal legal prohibition" (p. 7). "Restriction is met by adaptation of manufacture or rearrangement of numbers employed and time at which work is done, women being still employed at the work" (p. 13). "Except for a few complaints as to the abolition of the possibility of payment for overtime, which, as has been pointed out, by no means prove any loss of earnings ... the Committee have no record ... of any loss of wages or earnings traceable to the [Factory] Acts" (p. 25). [Footnote 68: Presented at Southport in 1903.] Thus, it will be seen that the loss of overtime is not necessarily a loss of work, but a re-distribution (and an economical one, too) of the times at which work is done, and does not therefore mean a loss in income, but a steadying and regulation of income. Nevertheless, before the re-organisation which has been consequent on Factory legislation, overtime and nightwork were necessary in order to turn out a certain volume of trade by a certain number of workpeople, and the influence of restrictive legislation has been shown in the following directions:-- 1st. An increase in the class of workers called "job hands"; 2nd. An enlargement of the permanent staff; 3rd. A rearrangement of the employment of male and female labour. The third of these changes we have found to be practically imperceptible, whilst the second has affected women most beneficially. [Sidenote: The job hand.] On the margin of casual and regular labour the job hand stands--the reserve battalion of this section of the labour army. She is generally a married woman, and commonly the wife of a faulty husband. She does not want regular work, and only desires to earn a certain limited wage. When she goes to a factory in search of work, she has to wait idle for hour upon hour, but she generally stays at home until summoned by her forewoman. Certain kinds of cheap seasonal work as, for instance, penny almanacs, are almost exclusively done by her,[69] and she is commonly employed either periodically, _e.g._, for weekly papers and monthly magazines, or casually, _e.g._, prospectus work, for rushes. A notice in certain public-houses, or information supplied to certain known agents, brings her to the place where she is wanted. [Footnote 69: "The majority of the almanac makers are married women who stay at home from February to July": Leeds.]