[11] Tropffrüchtlein. [12] "Not a benefit received, but a benefit conferred." [13] See p. 309. [14] i. e., Blessing and Thanksgiving at Table; cf. Appendix II. of the Small Catechism. [15] Called the "still" mass because said without music. [16] See p. 302. [17] Luther at this period still acknowledges seven sacraments. But see the Babylonian Captivity, written in October 1520. [18] The receptacle in which the consecrated host is shown to the people. [19] The corporal-cloth spread over the altar during the communion service. [20] See p. 306. [21] See pp. 308 f., 311 ff. [22] It is the teaching of the Roman Church that a sacrament is effective ex opere operato, i. e., simply as a sacrament ordained of God. Intended to guard against the idea that the validity of the sacrament depended on the character of the priest or of the recipient, it gave rise to the notion that the sacrament worked a sort of sacred magic. [23] See p. 316. [24] See p. 313. [25] Cf. XCV Theses, pp. 19, 41. [26] Lasst uns des gewissen spielen. [27] See p. 316. [28] Confessions of St. Augustine, Book IX, Chapter XI. [29] This is the votum sacramenti, which, according to Roman teaching, suffices for salvation if participation in the sacrament is impossible. [30] See p. 313. [31] Paul of Thebes, an Egyptian hermit of the III. Century, whose life was written by St. Jerome. [32] The translators have followed the numbering of the text in the Weimar and Erlangen Editions, which omit No. 32 in numbering the paragraphs. [33] The mass held for the Blessed Virgin in Hildsheim on the second Sunday after St. Michael's Day is, on account of its magnificence, called "golden." Du Cange. [34] The masses which are observed every day throughout the year. [35] See p. 313 f. [36] Bishop of Carthage, died 258. [37] See above, pp. 187 ff. THE PAPACY AT ROME AN ANSWER TO THE CELEBRATED ROMANIST AT LEIPZIG 1520 INTRODUCTION Luther's declaration of emancipation from the spiritual pre-eminence of the Church of Rome, which, said he, "is proven solely by the by the empty papal decretals of the last four hundred years, and against which there stands the testimony of the authentic history of eleven hundred years, the text of Holy Scripture, and the decree of the Nicene Council," appeared in print in spring 1519.[1] It was in the form of a counter-thesis[2] to Eck's specious and celebrated "Thirteenth Thesis." It culminated in the Leipzig Disputation in July. Before another summer had passed, this Disputation bore marvelous and unlooked-for fruits. In a series of epochal pamphlets, written in part for the clergy, and in part for the newly awakened laity, Luther with remarkable rapidity developed his new and scriptural teaching on the nature of the Church, on the duties of the state, on the essence of the sacraments, and on the inner life of the individual Christian.