[152] Cf. Hutten's saying in _Vadiscus_: "Three things there are which those who go to Rome usually bring home with them, a bad conscience, a ruined stomach and an empty purse." (Ed. Böcking, IV, p. 169.) [153] The "golden" or "jubilee years" were the years when special rewards were attached to worship at the shrines of Rome. The custom was instituted by Boniface VIII in 1300, and it was the intention to make every hundredth year a jubilee. In 1343 the interval between jubilees was fixed at fifty, in 1389 at thirty-three, in 1473 at twenty-five years. Cf. Vol. I, p. 18. [154] Cf. the statements in the _Treatise on Baptism_ and the _Discussion of Confession_, Vol. I, pp. 68 ff., 98. [155] The houses, or monasteries, of the mendicant or "begging" orders--the "friars." The members of these orders were sworn to support themselves on the alms of the faithful. [156] The three leading mendicant orders were the Franciscan (the Minorites, or "little brothers"), founded by St. Francis of Assisi (died 1226), the Dominican (the "preaching brothers"), founded by St. Dominic (died 1221), and the Augustinian Hermits, to which Luther himself belonged, and which claimed foundation by St. Augustine (died 430). [157] The interference of the friars in the duties of the parish clergy was a continual subject of complaint through this period. [158] By the middle of the XV Century there were eight distinct sects within the Franciscan order alone (See _Realencyk._, VI, pp. 212 ff.), and Luther had himself taken part in a vigorous dispute between two parties in the Augustinian order. [159] St. Agnes the Martyr, put to death in the beginning of the IV Century, one of the favorite saints of the Middle Ages. See Schäfer, _L. als Kirchenhistoriker_, p. 235. [160] One of the most famous of the German convents, founded in 936. [161] The celebrated Church Father (died 420). The passages referred to are in _Migne_, XXII, 656, and XXVI, 562. [162] Or "community" (_Gemeine_). Cf. _The Papacy at Rome_, Vol. I. p. 345, note 4. See also _Dass eine christl. Gemeine Recht und Macht habe_, etc. _Weimar Ed._ XI, pp. 408 ff. [163] Or "congregation." See note 2. [164] i. e.. At a time later than that of the Apostles. [165] The first absolute prohibition of marriage to the clergy is contained in a decree of Pope Siricius and dated 385. See H. C. Lea, _History of Sacerdotal Celibacy_, 3d ed. (1907), I, pp. 59 ff. [166] The priests of the Greek Church are required to marry, and the controversy over celibacy was involved in the division between the Greek and Roman Churches. [167] Cf. Hutten's _Vadiscus_ (Böcking, IV, 199). [168] i. e., Lie in Roman appointment. [169] i. e., The ministry in the congregation. See above, p. 119. [170] _Quantum ragilitas humana permittit_. A qualification of the vow. [171] i. e., Celibacy. _Non promitto castitatem_. [172] _Fragilitas humana non permittit caste vivere_. [173] _Angelica fortitudo at coelestis virtus_.