[231] Bishop of Carthage, 240-258 A. D. [232] _Lass man ihn ein gut jar ha ben_, literally, "Bid him good-day." [233] One of the chief points of controversy between the Roman Church and the Hussites. The Roman Church administered to the laity only the bread, the Hussites used both elements. See below, pp. 178 f. [234] Luther had not yet reached the conviction that the administration of the cup to the laity was a necessity, but see the argument in _the Babylonian Captivity_, below, pp. 178 ff. [235] The Bohemian Brethren, who are here distinguished from the Hussites, Cf. _Realencyk._, Ill, 452, 49. [236] St. Thomas Aquinas, the great Dominican theologian of the XIII. Century (1225-74), whose influence is still dominant in Roman theology. [237] The view of the sacramental presence adopted by William of Occam. For Luther's own view at this time, see below, pp. 187 ff. [238] i. e., If they did not believe in the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the Lord's Supper. [239] Places for training youths in Greek glory. [240] The philosophy of Aristotle dominated the mediæval universities. It not only provided the forms in which theological and religious truth came to expression, but it was the basis of all scientific study in every department. The man who did not know Aristotle was an ignoramus. [241] Or, "I have read him." Luther's _lesen_ allows of either interpretation. [242] Duns Scotus, died 1308. In the XV and XVI Centuries he was regarded as the rival of Thomas Aquinas for first place among the theological teachers of the Church. [243] i. e., In the universities. [244] See above, pp. 94 f. [245] i. e., "The chamber of his heart." Boniface VIII (1294-1303) had decreed, _Romanus pontiex jura omnia in scrinio pectoris sui censetur habere_, "the Roman pontiff has all laws in the chamber of his heart." This decree was received into the canon law (_c._ I, de const. In VIto (I, 2)). [246] _Doctores decretorum_, "Doctor of Decrees," an academic degree occasionally given to professors of Canon Law; _doctor scrinii papalis_, "Doctor of the Papal Heart." [247] The introduction of Roman law into Germany, as the accepted law of the empire, had begun in the XII Century. With the decay of the feudal system and the increasing desire of the rulers to provide their government with some effective legal system, its application became more widespread, until by the end of the XV Century it was the accepted system of the empire. The attempt to apply this ancient law to conditions utterly different from those of the time when it was formulated, and the continual conflict between the Roman law, the feudal customs and the remnants of Germanic legal ideas, naturally gave rise to a state of affairs which Luther could justly speak of as "a wilderness."