[73] See above, p. 211, note 2. [74] See above, p. 16. [75] See Vol. I, p. 306. [76] The offertory prayers in the mass. _C. Prot. Realencyklopädie_, XII, 720, 46 ff. [77] The private mass does not require the presence of a congregation. Besides the celebrant there need be present only a ministrant. There is no music, the mass is only read. See _Realencyklopädie_, XII, 723. [78] The _res sacramenti_. See above, p. 182. [79] Masses celebrated by special request or in honor of certain mysteries (e. g., of the Holy Trinity, of the Holy Spirit, or of angels). _Realencyklopädie_, XII, 722. [80] Pope Gregory I. See Realencyklopädie, XII, 681 f. [81] See above, p. 196, note, and comp. Seeberg, _Dogmengesch._, Ill, 461 f. [82] For letters of indulgence. [83] _E p_. 130, 9 (Migne, XXII, 1115). [84] Factions in the monastic orders. [85] The reference may be to Blandina, who suffered martyrdom under Marcus Aurelius. [86] The three parts of penance; see below, p. 247. [87] See Vol. I, p. 91. [88] Peter Lombard, the fourth book of whose Sentences treats of the sacraments; see above, p. 188. [89] See p. 182, note 2. [90] The scholastics distinguished between the "material" and the "form" of a sacrament. In baptism, the material was the water; the form, the words, "I baptise thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost." [91] Alexander, of Hales, denied the validity of baptism "in the name of Jesus," which Peter Lombard defended. Cf. _Realencyklopädie_, XIX, 412. [92] Cf. _Weimar Ed._, I, 544, and _Erlangen Ed._, XLIV, 114 ff. [93] See above, p. 203. [94] A point at issue between Thomists and Franciscans. The former held that the grace of the sacrament was contained in the sacramental sign and directly imparted through it; thus Aquinas. The Franciscans contended that the sign was merely a symbol, but that God, according to a _pactio_, or agreement, imparted the grace of the sacrament when the sign was being used; thus Bonaventura, and especially Duns Scotus. See Seeberg, DC, III, 455 ff., and in _Realencyklopädie_, V, 73. [95] The conclusion of the investigation begun on p. 226. [96] See above, p. 204. [97] See above, p. 223. [98] See above, p. 226. [99] _Baptisma_; see above, p. 226, and compare Vol. I, p. 56. [100] _Res_. See above, p. 182, note 2. [101] _Res baptismi_. See above, p. 231. [102] Cf. below, pp, 258 ff. [103] See above, p. 231. [104] The position of Thomas Aquinas, going back to Augustine, and ratified by Clement V at the Council of Vienna, 1311-12. [105] See above, p. 227. [106] See above, pp. 227 ff. [107] For a full discussion of this "baptism," see Scheel, in the _Berlin Edition_ of Luther's works, _Ergänzungsband_ II, pp. 134-157. [108] See above, p. 238. [109] The threefold vow of the mendicant orders. [110] _Bulla_ means both a papal bull and a bubble. [111] Compare above, p. 172, note 4.