"I admit that the sacrament of penance existed also in the Old Law, yea, from the beginning of the world. But the new promise of penance and the gift of the keys are peculiar to the New Law. For as we now have baptism instead of circumcision, so we have the keys instead of the sacrifices and other signs of penance. We said above that the same God at divers times gave divers promises and signs for the remission of sins and the salvation of men, but that all nevertheless received the same grace. Thus it is said in II Corinthians iv, 'Having the same spirit of faith, we also believe, or which cause we speak also'; and in i Corinthians x, 'Our fathers did all eat the same spiritual food, and all drank the same spiritual drink; and they drank of the spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Christ.' Thus also in Hebrews xi, 'These all died, not receiving the promise; God providing some better thing or us, that they should not be perfected without us.' For Christ Himself is, yesterday and to-day and forever, the Head of His Church, from the beginning even to the end of the world. Therefore there are divers signs, but the faith of all is the same. Indeed, without faith it is impossible to please God, by which faith even Abel pleased Him (Hebrews xi)." [138] The _Summa angelica_ of Angelus de Clavassio of Genoa (died about 1495), published 1486, one of the favorite handbooks of casuistry, in which all possible cases of conscience were treated in alphabetical order. Cf. _Zeitschrit für Kirchengesch._, XXVII, 296 ff. The _Summa angelica_ was among the papal books burned by Luther, together with the bull, December 10, 1520. Cf. Smith, _Luther's Correspondence_, I, no. 355. [139] For a full discussion of the hindrances see article Eherecht, by Sehung, in _Prot. Realencyklopädie_, V. [140] On this whole paragraph compare Vol. I, p. 294. [141] It is to be borne in mind that all that follows is in the nature of advice to confessors in dealing with difficult cases of conscience, and is parallel to the closing paragraphs of the section on The Sacrament of the Bread. [142] Namely, by officiating at the marriage ceremony. [143] Namely, by betrothal (_sponsalia de praesenti_). [144] Lemme pertinently reminds the reader that by "laws of men" Luther here understands the man-made laws of the Church of Rome. [145] See above, p. 103, note 2. [146] Relationship arising from sponsorship and legal adoption. Cf. above, p. 128. [147] _Cognatio spiritualis_. [148] _The res sacramenti_. See above, p. 182. [149] _Cognatio legalis_. [150] _Disparilitas religionis_. [151] _Impedimentum criminis_. [152] _Impedimentum ligamiais_. [153] The _fides data et accepta_, which Luther finds in the _fides_ (faith) of Gal. 5:22 [154] Page 243. [155] _Impedimentum erroris_. With fine sarcasm Luther here plays of one hindrance against another. [156] _Impedimentum ordinis_. [157] _Impedimentum publicae honestatis_.