Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universeArrhenius, Svante
Science
Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe
Arrhenius, Svante
Cosmogony
We have said that the collision between two celestial bodies would
result in the formation of a spiral with two wings. If the impact is
such that the two centres of the celestial bodies move straight towards
each other, a disk will arise, and not a spiral; or if one star is
much smaller than the other, possibly a cone, because the gases will
uniformly be spread in all directions about the line of impact. A
perfectly central impact is obviously very rare; but there may be cases
which approach this limiting condition more or less, especially when
the relative velocity of the two bodies is small. By slow diffusion a
feebly developed spiral may also be converted into a rotating disklike
structure. The extension of these nebular structures will depend upon
the ratio between the mass of the system and the velocity of ejection
of the gases. If, for example, two extinct suns of nearly equal
dimensions and mass, like our sun, should collide, some gas masses
would travel into infinite space, being hurled out with a velocity
of more than 900 km. (550 miles) per second; while other particles,
moving at a slower rate, would remain in the neighborhood of the
central body. The nearer to that body, the smaller was their velocity.
From their position they might fall back into the central body, to be
reincorporated in it, if two circumstances did not prevent this. The
one circumstance is the enormous radiation pressure of the glowing
central mass. That pressure keeps masses of dust particles floating,
which by friction will carry the surrounding masses of gas with them.
Owing to the absorption of the radiation by the dust particles, only
the finer particles will be supported farther outside, and at the
extreme margin of the nebula even the very finest dust will no longer
be maintained in suspension by the greatly weakened radiation pressure.
Thus we arrive at an outer limit for the nebula. The other circumstance
is the violent rotation which is set up by the impact of the central
bodies. The rotation and the centrifugal forces will produce a
disk-shaped expansion of the whole central mass. Owing to molecular
collisions and to tidal effects, the angular velocity will in the
denser portions tend to become uniform, so that the whole will rotate
like a flattened-out ball filled with gas, and the spiral structure
will gradually disappear in those parts. In the more remote particles
the velocity will only increase to such an extent as to equal that of
a planet moving at the same distance—that is to say, the gravitation
towards the central body will be balanced by the centrifugal force, and
at the very greatest distances the molecular bombardments, as well as
gravitation towards the centre, will become so insignificant that any
masses collected there will retain their shape for an almost unlimited
space of time.
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