Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universeArrhenius, Svante
Science
Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe
Arrhenius, Svante
Cosmogony
We therefore draw the conclusion that these messengers from other
solar systems which bring us samples of their chemical elements are
closely related to our sun and to the interior of our earth. That
other stars and comets are essentially composed of the same elements
as our sun and earth, spectrum analysis had already intimated to us.
But various metalloids, like chlorine, bromine, sulphur, phosphorus,
and arsenic, which are of importance for the composition of the earth,
have so far not been traced in the spectra of the celestial bodies,
nor in that of the sun. We find them in meteorites, however, and there
is not the slightest doubt that we must likewise count them among the
essential constituents of the sun and other celestial bodies. It is
with difficulty, however, that the metalloids can be made to exhibit
their spectra, and this is manifestly the reason why spectrum analysis
has not yet succeeded in establishing their presence in the heavens. As
regards the recently discovered so-called noble gases helium, argon,
neon, krypton, and xenon, their presence in the chromosphere has been
discovered on spectrograms taken during eclipses of the sun (Stassano).
According to Mitchell, however, these statements would appear to be
somewhat uncertain as to krypton and xenon.
The small particles of dust which the radiation pressure drives out
into space to all possible distances from the sun and the stars may hit
against one another and may accumulate to larger or smaller aggregates
in the shape of cosmical dust or meteorites. These aggregates
will partly fall upon other stars, planets, comets, or moons, and
partly—and this in very great multitudes—they will float about in
space. There they may, together with the larger dark celestial bodies,
form a kind of haze, which partly hides from us the light of distant
celestial bodies. Hence we do not see the whole sky covered with
luminous stars, which would be the case if, as we may surmise, the
stars were uniformly distributed all through the infinite space of the
universe, and if there were no obstacle to their emission of light. If
there were no other celestial bodies of very low temperature and very
large dimensions which absorbed the heat of the bright suns, the dark
celestial bodies, the meteorites, and the dark cosmical dust would soon
be so strongly heated by solar radiation that they would themselves
turn incandescent, and the whole dome of the sky would appear to us
like one glowing vault whose hot radiation down to the earth would soon
burn every living thing.
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