Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universeArrhenius, Svante
Science
Worlds in the making: The evolution of the universe
Arrhenius, Svante
Cosmogony
Similarly Riccò established in ten instances, in which exact
determination was possible, a time interval of 45.5 hours on an
average between the meridian passage of a spot and the maximum
magnetic effect. Riccò also submitted to an analysis the data which
Ellis had collected and which Maunder had investigated. He found for
these instances, on an average, almost exactly the same numbers,
the time interval being 42.5 hours. That would correspond to a mean
velocity of the solar dust of from 910 to 980 km. per second. On the
other hand, we have no difficulty at all in calculating the time
which a spherule of a diameter of 0.00016 mm. (those particles travel
fastest) and of the specific gravity of water would need in order to
reach the earth, under the influence of solar gravitation and of a
mechanical radiation pressure 2.5 times as large from the outside of
the sun. The time found, 56.1 hours, corresponds to a mean velocity
of 740 km. per second. In order that the solar dust may move with the
velocity calculated by Riccò, its specific gravity should be less than
1—_viz._, 0.66 and 0.57. This value looks by no means improbable,
when we assume that the spherules consist of hydrocarbons saturated
with hydrogen, helium, and other noble gases. We should also arrive
at larger velocities for the solar dust, as has already been pointed
out with regard to the tails of comets, when we presume that the
particles consist of felted marguerites of carbon or silicates, or of
iron—materials which we regard as the main constituents of meteorites.
It should, perhaps, be mentioned that the most intense spectrum line
of the polar lights has been found to be characteristic of the noble
gas krypton. As this gas is found only in very small quantities in our
atmosphere, it does not appear improbable that it has been carried
to us together with the solar dust, and that its spectrum becomes
perceptible during the discharge phenomena. The other spectrum lines
of the polar lights belong to the spectra of nitrogen, argon, and of
the other noble gases. The volumes of noble gases which are brought
into our terrestrial atmosphere in this manner would in any case be
exceedingly small.
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