Yazid I

Named heir by his father Muawiya, Yazid became caliph in 680, the first hereditary succession in Islam. His three-year reign saw the tragedy of Karbala, a revolt in Madinah crushed at al-Harra, and a siege of Mecca. He died in 683, and the Umayyad house fell briefly into civil war.

Yazid faced rejection from much of the community that regarded his hereditary accession as illegitimate — above all Husayn and the people of the Hijaz — and his reign was a continual struggle to impose Umayyad authority on a resentful realm.

Little of edifying teaching is attributed to him; the sources present a ruler concerned with control rather than piety, and his memory in the tradition is one of warning rather than example.

His reign's defining events were violent: the killing of Husayn and his companions at Karbala (680); the battle of al-Harra (683), in which his army sacked Madinah; and the siege of Mecca, during which the Kaaba was damaged. He died with the realm in revolt.

As a political ruler he is assessed directly, and the assessment is overwhelmingly negative across Sunni and Shia alike, though its intensity differs: Shia tradition holds him the murderer of the Prophet's grandson, while Sunni scholars debate only the degree of his culpability and whether he may be cursed by name. The sources (al-Tabari, al-Baladhuri) record the events of Karbala, al-Harra, and the siege of Mecca; the near-universal censure is noted, not manufactured.

Yazid stands in Islamic memory as the archetype of the unjust ruler, his name inseparable from Karbala and the grief of Ashura. His brief reign deepened the Sunni-Shia rupture and cast a permanent shadow over the legitimacy of the dynasty his father had founded.