and aspiring neighbour, who has fabricated a system for himself, as the intelligence of the leader, followed by the one, is greater than the self-sufficient wisdom of the other. Hence multitudes in the humblest classes of society, in any well regulated community of modern Europe, will be found, almost blindly, following a code of morality as much above what the genius either of Socrates or Cicero could devise, as the order of the universe is superior to the greatest efforts of man's artificial skill. "Yon cottager, who weaves at her own door, Pillow and bobbins all her little store;-- Content though mean, and cheerful if not gay, Shuffling her threads about the livelong day, Just earns a scanty pittance; and at night Lies down secure,--her heart and pocket light. She, for her humble sphere by nature fit, Has little understanding, and no wit; Receives no praise--but, though her lot be such, Toilsome and indigent, she renders much; Just knows, and knows no more, her Bible true-- A truth the brilliant Frenchman never knew; And in that charter reads, with sparkling eyes, Her title to a treasure in the skies. Oh, happy peasant! oh, unhappy bard! His the mere tinsel, hers the rich reward; He, praised, perhaps, for ages yet to come; She never heard of half a mile from home; He, lost in errors his vain heart prefers, _She, safe in the simplicity of hers_." It was, perhaps, from a like want of inquiry into the full extent of the system, that his theory of utility encountered the charge of being a mere system of "expediency," which estimated actions according as they accomplished what appeared at the moment to be good or evil, without any regard to their ultimate consequences. He certainly left for Bentham the task of making a material addition to the utilitarian theory, by applying it to the secondary effects of actions. Thus, according to Bentham's view, when a successful highway robbery is committed, the direct evil done to the victim is but a part of the mischief accomplished. The secondary effects have an operation, if not so deep, yet very widely spread, in creating terror, anxiety, and distrust on the part of honest people, and emboldening the wicked to the perpetration of crimes. On the same principle a good measure must not be carried through the legislature by corrupt means; because the example so set, will, in the end, though not perhaps till the generation benefited by the measure has passed away, produce more bad measures than good, by lowering the tone of political morality. Had Hume kept in view these secondary effects, he never would have vindicated suicide, thought sudden death an occurrence rather fortunate than otherwise, or used expressions from which an opponent could with any plausibility infer, that, under any circumstances, he held strict female chastity in light esteem. But he