stalk is found to resemble in its stellate character that of a shagreen point of the prickly type. The apparent scale is, we find, a bony prickle bent at right angles a little over its base, and flattened into a rhomboidal disk atop. [Illustration: Fig. 3. a. _Scales of Acanthodes sulcatus._ b. _Shagreen of Scyllium stellare, (Snout.)_ (Mag. eight diameters.)] [Illustration: Fig. 4. a. _Scales of Cheiracanthus microlepidotus._ b. _Shagreen of Spinax Acanthias. (Snout.)_ (Mag. eight diameters.)] [Illustration: Fig. 5. a. _Section of shagreen of Scyllium stellare._ b. _Under surface of do._ c. _Section of scales of Cheiracanthus microlepidotus._ d. _Under surface of do._ (Mag. eight diameters.)] In small fragments of shagreen, (fig. 2 _b_) which have been detected in the bone-bed of the Upper Ludlow Rocks, (Upper Silurian,) and constitute the most ancient portions of this substance known to the palæontologist, the osseous tubercles are, as in the minuter spikes of the ray, of the upright thorn-like type; they merely serve to show that the placoids of the first period possessed, like those of the existing seas, an ability of secreting solid bone on their cuticular surfaces; and that, though at least such of them as have bequeathed to us specimens of their dermal armature possessed it in the form farthest removed from that of their immediate successors the ganoid fishes, they resembled them not less in the substance of which their dermoskeletal, than in that of which their endoskeletal, parts were composed. For the internal skeleton in both orders, during these early ages, seems to have been equally cartilaginous, and the cuticular skeleton equally osseous. In the ichthyolitic formation immediately over the Silurians,—that of the Lower Old Red Sandstone,—the Ganoids first appear; and the members of at least one of the families of the deposit, the Acanths,—a family rich in genera and species,—seem to have formed connecting links between this second order and their placoid predecessors. They were covered with true scales (fig. 4, _a_,) and their free gills were protected by gill-covers; and so they must be regarded as real Ganoids but as the shagreen of the spotted dog-fish nearly approaches, in form and character, to ganoid scales, without being really such, the scales of this family, on the other hand, approached equally near, without changing their nature, to the shagreen of the Placoids, especially to that of the spiked dogfish, (_Spinax Acanthias_.) (Fig. 4, _b_.) We even find on their under surfaces what seems to be an approximation to the characteristic footstalk. They so considerably thicken in the middle from their edges inwards, (fig. 5, _c_,) as to terminate in their centres in obtuse points. With these shagreen-like scales, the heads, bodies, and fins of all the species of at least two of the Acanth genera,—_Cheiracanthus_ and _Diplacanthus_,—were as thickly covered as the heads, bodies, and fins