Suppose then that Japan went to the length of declaring war on the United States for this cause. While immaterial from the point of view of the United States, I cannot see that such a war would violate the Covenant in its letter; of course it would {95} violate its spirit of peace; but I do not think there is any specific provision of the Covenant which, in terms, forbids it. The Protocol in this regard goes farther in its language. The general covenant not to resort to war in Article 2 includes such a resort to war, not only against a signatory, but also against a State which "accepts all the obligations hereinafter set out"; in other words, against a sort of _ad hoc_ adherent to the Protocol (Article 16), but we may assume that these last words would not include the United States. The preamble asserts that a war of aggression constitutes a violation of the solidarity of the members of the international community, and also an international crime. Article 10 of the Protocol says that every State which resorts to war in violation of the undertakings contained in the present Protocol is an aggressor; and in Article 8 the document goes to its greatest length, so far as non-Signatories are concerned, by saying that the signatory States undertake to abstain from any act which might constitute a threat of aggression against another State. These last words "against another State" are the important words, because they include every State in the world, not only a Signatory. Furthermore, in that same Article 8 any Signatory can bring to the notice of the Council its view that "another State" is making preparations for war, which of course would include another Signatory. So it is perhaps arguable that under the Protocol an attack by a Signatory against a State which is not a Signatory might be an aggression and that the sanctions of the Protocol might be brought into play in favor of the non-Signatory. If that view be correct, then, in the case supposed, namely, an attack by Japan upon the United States, it would seem that, if the matter were brought before the Council by _any_ Signatory (as it undoubtedly would be) the Council _might_ declare Japan to be an aggressor under the Protocol; and it would then become the duty of the other Signatories to apply against Japan all the sanctions of the Protocol, at least unless the United States objected to such a course and preferred to go it alone. {96}