These sounds may be represented on paper by dots, dashes, and spaces. For instance, if you press down the key and let it spring back quickly, that would represent a dot. If you press down the key and hold it a little longer before letting it spring up again, it would represent a dash. A space would be represented by waiting a little while before pressing down the key again. We show you below the alphabet in these dots, dashes, and spaces, and these are the ones now used in sending all telegraphic messages. [Illustration] Thus, you see, if you were telegraphing the word "and" you would press down your key and let it return quickly, then press down again and return after a longer pause, which would give the letter A; then slowly and quickly, which would be N; then slowly and twice quickly, which would be D. Any persevering boy can learn to operate a telegraph instrument by a little study and regular practice; and, as complete learner's sets can be purchased very cheaply, this affords a pleasant and useful recreation for boys. There are many cases where two boys living near each other have a set of telegraph instruments in their homes and run a wire from one house to the other, thus affording many hours of pleasant and profitable amusement. In giving the above explanation of telegraphing we have described only the simple and elementary form. In large telegraph lines, such as those of the Western Union, there are many more additional instruments used, which are very complicated and difficult to understand; such, for instance, as the quadruplex, by which four distinct messages can be sent over the same wire at the same time. We have, therefore, described only the simplest form in order to give the general idea of the working of the telegraph by electromagnetism, which is the principle of all telegraphing. When you study electricity more deeply you will find this subject and the many different instruments very interesting and wonderful. V WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY If it has seemed extraordinary to you that only one wire should be necessary for sending a message by the electric telegraph, and that our earth can be used instead of a second wire, how much more wonderful it is to realize that in these days we can exchange telegraphic messages with different points without any connecting wires at all between them, even though the places be many hundred miles apart. Thus, two ships on the ocean, entirely out of sight of each other, may intercommunicate, or may telegraph to or receive despatches from a far-distant shore; indeed, telegraphy without wires has been accomplished across the Atlantic Ocean. In the language of the day, this is called "wireless telegraphy," although it is more correct to think of it as aerial, or space, telegraphy. As you will naturally want to know how this is effected, we will try to explain the main principles in a simple manner.