A BEGINNER’S HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY Illustration: SOCRATES ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes │ │ │ │ │ │ Punctuation has been standardized. │ │ │ │ Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. │ │ │ │ Non-printable characteristics have been given the following │ │ Italic text: --> _text_ │ │ bold text: --> =text=. │ │ │ │ This book was written in a period when many words had │ │ not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have │ │ multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in │ │ the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated │ │ with a Transcriber’s Note. │ │ │ │ The symbol ‘‡’ indicates the description in parenthesis has │ │ been added to an illustration. This may be needed if there │ │ is no caption or if the caption does not describe the image │ │ adequately. │ │ │ │ Index references have not been checked for accuracy. │ │ │ │ Footnotes are identified in the text with a number in │ │ brackets [2] and have been accumulated in a single section │ │ at the end of the text. │ │ │ │ Transcriber’s Notes are used when making corrections to the │ │ text or to provide additional information for the modern │ │ reader. These notes are identified in the text by a ♦ symbol, │ │ and are accumulated in a single section at the end of the │ │ book. │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ A BEGINNER’S HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BY HERBERT ERNEST CUSHMAN, LL.D., PH.D. _Sometime Professor of Philosophy in Tufts College_ _Lecturer of Philosophy in Harvard College_ _Lecturer of Philosophy in Dartmouth College_ VOL. I