2. Xenophanes at Colophon and Elea. { Parmenides } 3. The Eleatic school { Zeno } at Elea. 4. Heracleitus at Ephesus. THE PLURALISTS 5. Empedocles at Agrigentum. 6. Anaxagoras at Clazomenæ. 7. The later Pythagoreans mainly at Thebes. 8. Leucippus at Abdera. =How the Philosophical Question Arose.= The interests of these philosophical scientists sharply differentiate them from the preceding theogonists, like Hesiod and Epimenides, as well as from the masses who were absorbed in the religion of the Mysteries. They were, moreover, the men of Greece to whom the emotional excitement of a religious revival would not appeal as a refuge from the troubles of the time. Their own experience in the political troubles had made paramount the question as to the permanence of things. Nevertheless, its answer must be found in nature and in an intellectual way. When they turned to the traditional theogonies they found no answer to their question, for there was only a mythical chronicle of a succession of gods beginning with the unknown. The question of the Cosmologists was not, therefore, what _was_ the original form of this changing world, but what _is_ fundamental in the world _always_. The time factor is no longer important. Not the _temporal prius_ but the _real prius_ is what they seek. The idea of a temporal origin of things gives place to that of eternal being, and the question finally emerges, _What is the real substance that constitutes the universe?_ Illustration: MAP SHOWING WHERE THE COSMOLOGISTS LIVED (None of the Cosmologists, except the later Pythagoreans, lived in the motherland of Greece. Philosophical activity during this period took place in the colonies. The map shows the cities which were the centres of philosophy and the homes of the philosophers as indicated.)