(1) The Cosmic Substance is Being, 33 (2) Other Things than the Cosmic Substance (Being) have no Real Existence, 34 b. ZENO, 35 THE PHILOSOPHY OF ZENO, 36 THE RESULTS OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HERACLEITUS AND PARMENIDES, 37 CHAPTER III. PLURALISM, 39 EFFORTS TOWARD RECONCILIATION, 39 THE NEW CONCEPTION OF CHANGE OF THE PLURALISTS, 40 THE NEW CONCEPTION OF THE UNCHANGING OF THE PLURALISTS――THE ELEMENT, 40 THE INTRODUCTION OF THE CONCEPTION OF THE EFFICIENT CAUSE, 41 SUMMARY OF SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES IN THE THEORIES OF THE RECONCILERS, 41 THE PLURALISTIC PHILOSOPHERS: EMPEDOCLES, ANAXAGORAS, LEUCIPPUS, AND THE LATER PYTHAGOREANS, 42 THE PHILOSOPHY OF EMPEDOCLES, 44 THE PHILOSOPHY OF ANAXAGORAS, 45 THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE ATOMISTS――LEUCIPPUS AND THE SCHOOL AT ABDERA, 47 THE LATER PYTHAGOREANS, 48 1. The Pythagorean Conception of Being, 49 2. The Pythagorean Dualistic World, 51 3. Pythagorean Astronomy, 52 HISTORICAL RETROSPECT, 53 CHAPTER IV. THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERIOD: THE PHILOSOPHY OF MAN, 55 AN HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERIOD, 55 THE PERSIAN WARS AND THE RISE OF ATHENS, 56 THE GREEK ENLIGHTENMENT, 58 1. The Impulse for Learning, 58 2. The Practical Need of Knowledge, 59 3. The Critical Attitude of Mind, 61 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE SOPHISTS, 64 THE PROMINENT SOPHISTS, 67 THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SOPHISTS, 68 1. The Relativism of Protagoras, 69 2. The Nihilism of Gorgias, 70 THE ETHICS OF THE SOPHISTS.――THE APPLICATION OF THEIR CRITICAL THEORY TO POLITICAL LIFE, 71 SUMMARY, 73