(The Puttrich’sche Portrait of Kant was printed in the _Kant-Studien_ in 1906 and is said by Professor Vaihinger to be one of the best likenesses of the Königsberg philosopher. The name of the artist was Puttrich, and the original painting goes back before 1798. It is interesting to note that this portrait of Kant was used by the sculptor, Rauch, as his model for the statue of Kant upon the memorial monument of Frederick the Great.) A BEGINNER’S HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY BY HERBERT ERNEST CUSHMAN, LL.D., PH.D. _Sometime Professor of Philosophy in Tufts College Lecturer of Philosophy in Harvard College Lecturer of Philosophy in Dartmouth College_ VOL. II MODERN PHILOSOPHY Illustration: (‡ Colophon) BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY The Riverside Press Cambridge COPYRIGHT, 1911, BY HERBERT ERNEST CUSHMAN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PREFACE The pedagogical purpose of this history of philosophy is stated in the Preface to the first volume. It may be desirable in this place to restate what that purpose is. This book is intended as a text-book for sketch-courses in the history of philosophy. It is written for the student rather than for the teacher. It is a history of philosophy upon the background of geography and of literary and political history. Since the book is intended for the student, it makes the teacher all the more necessary; for it puts into the hands of the student an outline of the history of philosophy and into the hands of the teacher the class-room time for inspiring the student with his own interpretations. In making use of geographical maps, contemporary literature, and political history, this book is merely employing for pedagogical reasons the stock of information with which the student is furnished, when he begins the history of philosophy. The summaries, tables, and other generalizations are employed, as in text-books in other subjects, as helps to the memory. Therefore the book has the single purpose of arranging and organizing the material of the history of philosophy for the beginner.