Galilei, Galileo, 31–33, 35–39. Gama, Vasco da, discovers all-sea route to India, 7. Gassendi, Pierre, was author of the introduction of Greek atomism into modern thought, 120. Geneva, new religious centre in the Renaissance, 12. Geometrical Method and its Opponents, in the Enlightenment, 142. German Idealism, and modern philosophy, 355, 356. German Idealists, places connected with (map), 280; treated, 278–329. German literature, a factor in the Enlightenment, 218, 219, 223. German Philosophy, the third period of modern philosophy, 3; treatment of, 230–329; the three characteristics of, 231, 232; the two periods of, 232, 233. Germany, in the Renaissance, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31; the Enlightenment in, 140, 216–229; the introductory period (absolutism), 217–223; summary of the literary Enlightenment in, 223, 224; the political Enlightenment in (Frederick the Great), 224–226; the course of the Enlightenment in, 226–228; Lessing, 228, 229; the convergence of philosophical influences in, 230, 231. Geulincx, Arnold, 63, 83. Gibbon, Edward, quoted, 138. God, in the philosophy of Cusanus, 25; in Bruno’s philosophy, 28–30; Descartes’ proofs of the existence of, 73–75; relation of, to the world, to matter, and to minds, according to Descartes, 77, 78; in the philosophy of the Occasionalists, 83; in Spinoza’s philosophy, 91–106; in Leibnitz’s philosophy, 126, 127, 130, 131; in the Enlightenment, 135; in Berkeley’s philosophy, 181–183; in Hume’s philosophy, 200; in Voltaire’s philosophy, 210; the idea of, according to Kant, 261, 265–268; the postulate of the existence of, according to Kant, 276, 277; in Fichte’s philosophy, 292, 293; in Schelling’s philosophy, 300; and freedom, Schelling’s philosophy of, 303, 312; of the Mystic, 319; in Hegel’s philosophy, 324; according to Fechner, 359. Goethe, J. W. von, _Faust_, 25, 26 n., 85 n.; and Spinoza, 84, 85; describes the Enlightenment as an age of self-conceit, 134; prominent in the Storm and Stress movement, 227; as a Romanticist, 297–299; and Schelling, their philosophy, 306. Gottsched, J. C., 219, 223, 294. Grace, world of. _See_ World of grace. Great Britain, the Enlightenment in, 145–147. _See_ England. Greek, language and literature, study of, before and in the Renaissance, 10–14, 16. Greeks, the, naturalism of, recovered in the Renaissance, 14. Grotius, Hugo, 47. Gunpowder, discovery of, 6.