25 – Empiricism and Rationalism have reference to the source of truth. Empiricism is the theory that truth is to be found in immediate sense experience. The opposite theory is Rationalism, which declares that the reason is an independent source of knowledge, distinct from sensation, and having a higher authority. 26 – Read Robertson, _Hobbes_ (Blackwood Phil. Classics), p. 40; Rand, _Modern Classical Philosophers_, pp. 117–147; Eucken, _Problem of Human Life_, pp. 351–362; Calkins, _Persistent Problems_, pp. 459–463. 27 – Read Descartes, _Method_, _Meditations_, for the dramatic struggle of his inner life; Falckenberg, _Hist. Modern Phil._, pp. 86–88; Fischer, _Descartes and his School_, p. 199; Blackwood Classics, _Descartes_, pp. 144–149; Windelband, _Hist. Phil._, pp. 389 ff.; Höffding, _Hist. Modern Phil._, pp. 219 ff.; Weber, _Hist. Phil._, pp. 306 ff., for an opposing opinion about the place of Descartes. 28 – Read Falckenberg, _Hist. of Modern Phil._, pp. 92–94; Blackwood’s Classics, _Descartes_, pp. 151–153; Weber, _Hist. of Phil._, p. 310; Calkins, _Persistent Problems in Philosophy_, pp. 25–30; Turner, _Hist. of Phil._, pp. 451 f., which presents Descartes’ arguments as reduced to two. 29 – Read Royce, _Spirit of Modern Phil._, chap. iii; Baldwin, _Fragments in Philosophy_, pp. 24–42; Rand, _Modern Classical Philosophers_, pp. 148–166; Eucken, _Problem of Human Life_, pp. 362–380. 30 – See page 279. Read Goethe, _Geheimnisse_, in this connection. 31 – Read Auerbach, _Spinoza_, an historical romance. 32 – Read _Bohn’s Libraries, Spinoza_, vol. ii, pp. 275 ff., for Spinoza’s interesting correspondence with notable men. 33 – Read Rand, _Modern Classical Philosophers_, pp. 199–214; Eucken, _Problem of Human Life_, pp. 388–405; Weber, _History of Philosophy_, pp. 343–369; Hibben, _Phil. of Enlightenment_, pp. 161–193. 34 – A good selection of Leibnitz’s works for the student to read is: _Discourse on Metaphysics_ (1690), _Letters to Arnauld_, _Monadology_ (1714), _New System of Nature_ (1695), _Principles of Nature and Grace_ (1714), _Introduction to New Essays_ (1704), and the _Theodicy_ (1710). See Calkins, _Persistent Problems in Phil._, p. 74, note. 35 – Read Hibben, _Phil. of Enlightenment_, ch. vii; Windelband, _Hist. of Phil._, pp. 420–425. 36 – Read Windelband, _Hist. of Phil._, pp. 437–440, 447–449, 500–502; Hibben, _Phil. of Enlightenment_, pp. 3–13, 18–20. 37 – Read Rand, _Modern Classical Philosophers_, pp. 215–217, 248–262; Eucken, _Problem of Human Life_, pp. 380–388. 38 – See _Essay_, introductory epistle to the reader.