10 – Read Ball, _Hist. of Math._, pp. 253 ff.; Höffding, _Hist. of Mod. Phil._, vol. i, pp. 184–186; Macaulay, _Essay on Bacon_; Bacon, _Essays_,――_Studies, Truth, Friendship, Simulation, and Dissimulation_; Abbott, _Francis Bacon_; Eucken, _Problem of Human Life_, pp. 336–344; Rand, _Modern Classical Philosophers_, pp. 24–56. 11 – Bacon wrote his _New Atlantis_ in 1623. The same year Campanella wrote his _State of the Sun_, and the preceding year Thomas More wrote his _Utopia_. 12 – Utilitarianism regards adaptation to general happiness as the ideal of society. Positivism, broadly used, is that philosophy which limits the scope of thought to the observation of facts, although the observations are inferior to the facts. The data and methods of positivism are the same as those of natural science, and opposed to the _a priori_ methods of metaphysics. 13 – In this connection read Herbert Spencer, _Education_. 14 – Bacon chooses the word Idols, because it is the same as the Greek word for false forms (eidola, εἴδολα). 15 – Bacon is here alluding to Plato’s myth of the cave. Read Plato, _Republic_ (Jowett’s trans.), Bk. VII, 514 A–520 E. 16 – Bacon is satirical here and is likening philosophical systems to stage-plays. 17 – But see the contradiction in the theory of Hobbes. 18 – Read Robertson, _Hobbes_ (Blackwood’s _Phil. Classics_), pp. 204–206; Falckenberg, _Hist. Mod. Phil._, pp. 71–72; _Encyclopædia Britannica_, article, “Hobbes”; Leslie Stephen, _Hobbes_; Watson, _Hedonistic Theories_, pp. 73–94; Turner, _Hist. Phil._, pp. 443–446; Windelband, _Hist. Phil._, p. 389; Eucken, _Problem of Human Life_, pp. 359–360; Rand, _Modern Classical Philosophers_, pp. 57–69, 80–84. 19 – See also the ideal States of Campanella and Bacon, p. 41. 20 – The theory that the assumption of extended, impenetrable, eternal, and moving bodies explains the universe. 21 – The theory that all knowledge originates in sensations; that all complex mental states (like memory, reason, etc.) are only combinations of elementary sensations. 22 – The theory that between alternative courses of conduct the choice decided upon is fully accounted for by psychological and other pre-conditions. 23 – The theory sometimes meaning materialism, sometimes positivism, but sometimes, as here, meaning that man in all his operations is a product of his environment. 24 – Read Falckenberg, _Hist. Mod. Phil._, p. 72, for his quotation from Grimm’s criticism of the irreconcilable contradiction of the empirical and the rational in Hobbes.